Insulating windows using Swedish technology allows you to restore old frames and extend their service life. At the same time, the appearance is improved, functionality and tightness are increased, and the design better protects from cold and wind. Thanks to these features, it is not necessary to dismantle wooden frames for replacement. It is recommended to first compare the cost of updating an existing structure and purchasing a metal-plastic window. The complexity of implementing the technology is also taken into account.
Insulation of wooden windows
It is believed that almost half of the heat in a room escapes through windows. Additional window insulation and additional insulation will help raise the room temperature by several degrees. If your old wooden windows over time began to let in cold street air, but you do not want to change them, then their high-quality insulation will keep your house warm and save your budget.
There are several proven ways to insulate windows. To insulate windows, various technologies are used and a wide variety of materials are used - foam rubber, paper, sealant, sealant and others. Insulation allows you to qualitatively improve the protective characteristics of a window, especially if modern Swedish technology for qualitatively improving the protective and insulating properties of a window is used for insulation.
Advantages and disadvantages of the technique
The effectiveness of insulation using this method is due to the fact that a seal made of rubber is added to the design and is characterized by excellent performance in reducing heat loss in the room. This is Swedish material, hence the name of the technique. It is mounted in a special way, which makes it more difficult to carry out repairs yourself.
Swedish window insulation technology is popular due to a number of positive qualities:
- The seal lasts a long time - about 20 years. For comparison: foam rubber and simple rubber require replacement after several seasons of use.
- Swedish material does not accumulate pollution.
- Tightness. The seal does not allow wind to pass through and significantly reduces heat loss.
- Thermal and sound insulation properties are improved.
- By reducing the intensity of heat outflow, heating costs are reduced.
- Time saving and practicality due to the absence of the need to repeat the procedure annually.
- The seal can withstand significant temperature fluctuations: from -50°C to +80°C,
- Creating a barrier to dust and other contaminants that often penetrate from the street into the room.
- Improving the appearance of the window frame and sashes, because Before installing the Swedish sealant, the wood is restored.
- There is no need for additional window insulation.
- Reduces the risk of condensation.
- The window frame retains the ability to “breathe”.
- If we compare the Swedish method with the Finnish one, there is another advantage: it is not necessary to install insulation on all sashes (only on the internal ones), because The window is a prefabricated structure (double sashes are twisted together).
Swedish insulation of wooden windows
Swedish insulation is the most modern, reliable and effective method of window insulation, which is best able to restore the heat-insulating properties of wooden windows, improve their performance and external characteristics. Swedish insulation will allow you to preserve old windows, make them airtight for a long time and increase their thermal protection.
Swedish insulation, performed by experienced specialists, does not take much time. Along the perimeter of the sashes, smooth grooves are carefully made for laying a tubular seal in them. The installed seal is not afraid of dirt, painting and can withstand sudden temperature changes.
Features of the material
The Euro-Strip tubular seal is a certified, environmentally friendly material that retains its qualities at temperatures from -80 to +200 degrees. In addition, the manufacturer notes the property of blocking radiation. The original material is distinguished by brand markings every 75 cm. This composite material is made based on silicone rubber with the addition of propylene, ethylene copolymer and diene monomer.
Our services
offers Swedish window insulation services with a guarantee. This insulation technology is very reliable, it is time-tested and today is very popular in Europe.
Insulation does not require much time and can be done on windows of any design. After completing the necessary work, you will forget about blowing and drafts for a long time.
Reviews of Swedish technology
Galina, 54 years old, Tula For a long time she persuaded her husband to restore wooden windows, and at the same time install Swedish seals in the grooves. Reviews about this technology are entirely positive. My husband thought that the cost of equipment to perform such work would be high; it would be cheaper to invite a specialist, which is what we did.
Evgeniy, 35 years old, Vladivostok
I studied the technology of Swedish insulation of window blocks, because... The house has all the necessary tools, but there is no experience in performing such work yet. But I took the plunge and immediately felt the difference - the seal does its job well.
The procedure for performing work on Swedish insulation
- Checking the shutters for closing efficiency and checking the functionality of all mechanisms.
- Removing window sashes from hinges.
- Dismantling the seal if present, removing a layer of old paint, carefully adjusting the window sashes for easy operation.
- Milling special grooves for the seal.
- Installation of high-quality EUROSTRIP seal into the grooves.
- Treatment of glass edges and existing inter-frame cracks with silicone sealant.
- Installing sashes on hinges and adjusting them.
- Replacement of accessories (at the request of the customer).
- Checking the sashes for operability, as well as checking the quality of the fittings and other mechanisms.
Frame repair cost
The average cost of insulating and fitting a window is about 3,000 rubles. This figure takes into account dismantling work with the sashes, making grooves and filling with sealant, often silicone, if necessary, adjusting the sashes, sealing the glass, the sash opening - if the binding is paired.
Furniture work is paid above this amount. If necessary, for an additional fee, craftsmen will carry out a complete repair of the window frame.
In the case of framed windows in the manner of “Stalinist” windows, only the inner sash is insulated, leaving the outer one in its original state. When ordering insulation and an external sash, the price doubles.
The price list of organizations providing such services also includes a cost for coloring, which averages 5-6 thousand rubles.
Based on all the data, a complete dismantling will cost the same as a double-glazed window with two chambers, a window sill, mosquito netting, bevels and ebb.
Prices for insulation of wooden windows in Moscow
Service | Note | Price |
Replacing the rubber seal | Insulation of wooden and plastic windows with rubber or silicone sealant. | 100 - 150 r/p.m. |
Installation of Euro-Strip seals (made in Sweden) | Installation of high-quality silicone seals with a diameter of 8 and 10 mm on wooden and plastic windows. | 250-280 r/p.m. |
Sealing joints, slopes and window sills | The sealant is applied to the seam around the perimeter of the window on a clean surface or to replace the old sealant. | 50 - 100 r/p.m. |
Eliminating the causes of window fogging | Eliminating the causes of window fogging allows you to prevent and eliminate the formation of condensation on the glass. | from 1000 RUR |
Price list for window repairs in Moscow
Wooden window openings
Very often, wooden windows are used to decorate attic rooms. Not all owners are now ready to replace wooden frames with plastic profiles. Such windows have their drawbacks, so it is wiser to purchase wooden frames with plastic double-glazed windows, but their price will be too high. Insulating simple windows will be much cheaper and easier; the main thing is to know how to work with the material correctly.
To effectively insulate wooden windows, it is first necessary to identify all problem areas. And only then begin to insulate them, choosing the most suitable material for this. Warming can be done in several ways. In one case, you can get by with regular old newspapers, which will act as a heat insulator. In another case, to insulate the room, foam rubber seals are used, which will ensure a very tight fit to the frame.
Features of thermal insulation
If you pull out an old window, the internal slope will be destroyed and it will always be cold near the opening. And after installing a new window, untreated foam may remain, spoiling the appearance of the room
Therefore, it is very important to take into account all these features when performing thermal insulation.
When working with a window opening, you need to pay attention to the following:
- before starting insulation, you need to trim off excess polyurethane foam;
- Before starting insulation, you need to apply a primer that has an antibacterial effect to the slope, this is done to prevent fungus or mold from appearing;
- all defects during work must be corrected immediately, before the materials harden.
Methods
There are many ways to insulate windows. And only the owner of the house will be able to determine for himself the one that is right for him. It is worth taking a closer look at the possibilities of insulating windows both indoors and outdoors.
- First you need to remove all the glazing beads and thin slats that hold the glass along the perimeter of the window.
- Since the glazing beads break during dismantling, you need to buy new ones in advance, and also with a reserve.
- You need to start removing the parts from the bottom, then the sides, and after that the top. You can use a screwdriver or a small knife to remove them.
- Dismantling work must be carried out with thick gloves.
- The landing site inside the sash must be very thoroughly cleaned of dust and dirt.
- Next, you need to apply silicone sealant and install the glass in place.
- After this, you can install new glazing beads.
- You need to seal the cracks with foam. In this case, it must be distributed from bottom to top.
- The cracks must be filled to one third, since when the foam hardens, it noticeably increases in volume.
- The temperature at which work is carried out must be at least five degrees.
Since the foam collapses very quickly under sunlight, it must be immediately covered with a layer of any finishing material. Instead of foam, you can use homemade putty. It's easy to prepare. You need to mix gypsum and chalk in a 2:1 ratio, add water and stir until the consistency of thick sour cream. With this mixture you can easily fill all the cracks.
Swedish technology
This option is one of the most effective and modern. Thermal insulation of this type can be compared in effectiveness to plastic windows. This option uses seals for which special grooves are made in the window sashes.
All work is carried out in the following sequence.
- First you need to dismantle the sashes.
- Then grooves are cut along the entire perimeter of the sashes using a special cutter.
- The groove must be sized to fit the seal. This is what is installed next. It can be polyurethane or foam rubber. There is no need to use glue, because the seal adheres perfectly due to the thickening from the inside of the structure.
- Where the glass and sashes connect, you need to apply sealant.
- After this, installation work is carried out.
This type of insulation will last up to twenty years, and therefore the high price is completely justified. It is better to entrust the work of insulation to specialists. However, if you have experience in carpentry, you can do everything yourself.
Photos of our works
Photo report on window insulation using Swedish technology
- Departures: 2
- Time: 7 hours
- Cost: 13500 rub.
- Quantity: 4 pcs
Window repair service experts insulated the windows using Swedish technology.
The total cost of materials and work amounted to 13,500 rubles.
The old window sashes were removed, a thin groove was made around the perimeter into which the seal was pressed, and the external seams were sealed.
Call a specialist
Plastic double glazed windows
Insulation is needed not only for wooden windows, but also for PVC double-glazed windows. Typically, such a need arises in cases where the installation is incorrect or the operation is somehow complicated. Also, the reason for insulation may be the poor quality of the double-glazed windows themselves.
To properly insulate plastic double-glazed windows for the winter, you need to follow the following instructions.
The first step is to check the glass unit to understand how well it holds up. If it has become a little loose during use, the edges can only be sealed with sealant
It is very important to use acid-free formulations. If the glass unit is very loose, you need to remove the jumpers with spacers and replace them with new ones. Adjustments are made until the result is satisfactory. The glass unit should ultimately fit tightly to the frame. If adjustment does not help, the seals need to be replaced.
You can also use self-adhesive film to insulate plastic windows, which will greatly reduce heat loss in the house. The edges of the tape must be cut with a stationery knife and pasted onto pre-prepared tape. All installation work is not very difficult, so you can do it yourself.
Weaknesses: causes of heat loss
The weakest points of window design are:
- glass unit holder;
- seal;
- window fittings;
- slopes and window sills;
- places where the sashes join the window frames.
If anything is damaged, it will already be blowing from the windows. To determine the location of heat loss, simply run your hand over the surface of the window. Catching a breath of wind, you can understand that there is some kind of gap in this place. A lighter is also suitable for this, because fire is sensitive to drafts.
You can also use a simple piece of paper. You need to press it with the sash and pull it around the corner. If it pulls out easily, then it is better to change the seal.
The cause of heat loss may also be an error made during construction or installation. For example, skewed windows resulting from shrinkage of the house, which is important for people living in new buildings or houses made of wood. The problem may also be caused by improper use of windows. Many people forget about the need to wash the window seal and treat it with glycerin, which leads to problems.
Internal and external methods of elimination
When insulating windows, it is very important to treat the surface inside the room. This will allow you to raise the temperature in your house or apartment by three or four degrees at once.
It seems that this is not much, but if the insulation is carried out correctly, then the circulation of cold air will stop.
External. To achieve high-quality insulation, you cannot do without external work. This includes additional thermal insulation of slopes. It starts with dismantling the old putty, then comes priming. The cracks are filled with polyurethane foam; You can also use foam.
All excess foam is cut off and the slopes are treated with putty. If it is polystyrene foam, then a polymer mesh is placed on top of it, and then treated with plaster. The last stage is priming and painting.
The window sill is also sealed using polyurethane foam. In this case, it is necessary to install a special strip to drain rainwater. It must be mounted at a slight angle. At the same time, roll up the edges a little so that rain does not fall on the walls and windows. It is better to seal the joints with silicone sealant.
The window sill can also be insulated with foam plastic, because this is where almost a third of the heat leaks. The last stage of external thermal insulation is painting.
Reviews from our clients
Dmitry Anonimus 02.11.2019
There were: old Soviet windows from which whistles whistle at night, a desire to replace them with plastic ones, and a lack of money. A friend advised me to at least dispose of the existing junk “in Swedish style”, otherwise he was tormented by my complaints about the kids’ colds. What I got: windows, albeit old, but actually performing their functions and spending a ridiculous 3,500 rubles, compared to almost an order of magnitude higher costs for installing new ones. Profit!
Alexey Kruglov 10/17/2019
I found out that you can insulate old windows using some Swedish technology. On the Internet I found an office called “Window Repair Service” that does this. Everything was told and explained in detail over the phone. I made an appointment for the weekend, the craftsmen arrived and did everything in half a day. And it really became noticeably warmer! Otherwise, I’m tired of paying several thousand for electricity for heating!
Read all reviews
Silicone method
The method using silicone involves similar work, but there is a significant difference in that the seal is laid on the cleaned frame using a silicone-type sealant.
So, the reviews for repairing wooden windows using Swedish technology are unanimous - this technology allows you to effectively deal with drafts, and also protects the house from dust and foreign odors. In addition, windows made using Swedish technology have the highest level of thermal insulation, as well as an appropriate level of sound insulation.
And now we offer what we have gathered for! Before you repair reviews:
Anton Ordered a 2-fold door - surprisingly they did it quickly and even without unnecessary debris. I have been living in comfort and warmth for two winters now.
Anna Thank you very much master. Nothing is blowing, there is no draft, the house is warm and now there are even no sounds that usually come from the street. Even though we live in the center of Moscow.
Katya We insulated the simplest window using the Swedish method. The result was quite satisfactory, master Evgeniy did the job conscientiously, and he is a very polite person. Thanks a lot!
Mikhail So I’ll write a review. Before I decided to insulate for a long time, I spent a long time looking for repairs of wooden windows using Swedish technology, reviews, and only then ordered this particular insulation. Before this, I tried many times to make wooden windows warm with my own hands. This didn’t really help since we live in a cold hemisphere and it was always cold at home. When the master arrived to insulate the window, the sash swelled very much. Within 3 hours the job was done – I’m happy! Firstly, the draft was completely eliminated, secondly, it simply became warmer, and thirdly, the cost of the insulation work was also pleasing. The private owner was chosen on the advice of friends.
Clara All the reviews that I read about the Swedish technology inspired me and I decided to make the window insulation myself using this method. In general, our house is cold and there is always something called a stream of air. Of course, I live with my husband and he is my foreman, but even he couldn’t come up with anything better than sealing cracks in the windows with adhesive tape and newspapers. But the result, to put it mildly, did not suit us - after all, there is a small child in the house and drafts can be dangerous. Master Alexander arrived and did the job in two hours. A very nice guy too. Now our windows are insulated and there is not only no draft, but not even any sound from the street. The heat in a private home lasts for a long time! Repairing wooden windows using Swedish technology, I also read reviews and came to the conclusion that I need to order just such insulation. Prices. Basically, they are the same in Omsk companies, but we found the most affordable option. I recommend this technology to everyone. You will be satisfied!
Dmitry Last year we installed plastic windows. I thought we’d be content, but that wasn’t the case – the constant unpleasant smell is something. It is felt especially strongly when the plastic begins to be exposed to direct sunlight. We have a nine-story building and the windows face the sunny side. There was such a smell in the summer that it was simply unreal to be in the room. I started talking to friends and they suggested that there are plastic windows that don’t smell. I have already decided to save up for them because what alternative could there be? No. Then I learned that odorless plastic windows are practically not supplied to Russia. A builder I know said that in Europe there is now an ecology boom and they use wooden windows there. I was very surprised, but that’s not the point. My builder said that the main thing is that it is wood, and whether it is old or not is the tenth question because even old wood can be restored so that the window will be better and more functional than any plastic one. It's good that I didn't throw away the old wooden windows. I started looking through my friends for craftsmen who restore wooden windows. Then I began to study the reviews of repairing wooden windows using Swedish technology. Everything was confused in my head. In the end, I finally found a restorer and set the condition that I would pay if they not only did external repairs, but also replaced all the window fittings on my old window. We also had to install a new door closer and other small components. Next came cleaning - as a result, the old wooden window opened no worse than the new plastic one, the sashes work perfectly. Of course, it didn’t work out to put all the cool bells and whistles of a plastic window on a wooden one, but the appearance of my window became unrecognizable in the good sense of the word. Especially after painting the frame. As it turned out later, the window was insulated using the above-mentioned Swedish technology and now it’s cool in the summer and literally hot in the winter. Now I want to buy completely new wooden windows eventually. I recommend insulation using Swedish technology to everyone!
See also: We are planning renovations in our own apartment
Masha We insulated old wooden windows using Swedish technology about 6 years ago. We read the reviews for a long time before deciding. Today the house is very warm in winter; there are simply no drafts like before. I am satisfied and recommend this technology to everyone who has old wooden windows.
Zina We decided to insulate the windows in the summer so that winter wouldn’t take us by surprise. We chose from a bunch of private owners. Then we decided that we would contact the company. I wanted to find an experienced craftsman and only one who would deal exclusively with window insulation. I chose in Yandex. I thought this - if they do something else besides insulation, then they don’t have time to do the first thing. A bunch of companies fell off this way at the very beginning. I called all the remaining companies, which is about 5. I wanted to choose a more experienced specialist. Only one call was answered by a confident male voice - and I chose him. Yes, in other companies it was not children who answered, but this voice seemed wise to me. Master Anton arrived quickly and completed the insulation in less than half a day. I was pleased with the result - now even in winter our house is warm and there is no wind from the street at all.
Nikita We recently insulated the windows using Swedish technology. It’s very cold in our apartment, and we didn’t want to install smelly PVC sheeting because we had heard a lot about its smell. We chose a private owner through Avito - he came and insulated the balcony window and single-leaf window. We chose the specialist with the lowest price. In principle, everything suits me. Warm.
Vladimir I have long wanted to change the windows for my parents, but they are people of the old generation and for a long time refused plastic windows. In the end, I gave them up too. We started looking for something to replace them with; repairing wooden windows using Swedish technology also read reviews and came to the conclusion that insulation is the way out. The main thing is that parents do not have to seal them and wash them in winter and spring. It's been 4 months since the insulation has been done and the house is warm despite -30 outside the window. I definitely recommend this technology. They did all the work for us in just two hours and also installed new fittings.
Inga We've been taping up windows all our lives, but at one point I got tired of it. I started reading the Internet and realized that you can simply insulate a wooden window – once and for all. I decided to take a risk. Two craftsmen arrived and did the work quickly and efficiently. The main thing is that after two years the house is still warm in winter and there are no drafts.
Andrey About a year ago I read reviews about repairing wooden windows using Swedish technology and thought for a long time whether it was worth it. As a result, the windows were insulated using this technology. At first I thought there would be no draft, but the result in the end exceeded all expectations. I was pleased that the master did the work conscientiously - some parts did not fit into the old wooden frame and he carefully processed it. After installation, as I already said, the blowing stopped, the window opens and closes easily - even better than PVC. Apart from this, there is simply no noise from the street in the apartment at all. And this is in comparison with the plastic that we decided to install in the kitchen. Then I didn’t like that, how can I put it, the sellers simply sell the window, but do not service it. And now, a year later, the plastic window is noticeably blowing, and the shutter has simply begun to play a lot. Now in one room we have a plastic window, and in the other the window is insulated using Swedish technology. We will monitor which of them will live longer, but it is already clear that the tree turned out to be much more durable and of better quality.
Vyacheslav Installed a PVC window for my granny - she didn’t like it mainly because of the smell of plastic. The old wooden window was returned. I was looking for repairs of wooden windows using Swedish technology for reviews and found many positive ones. We installed an old window and insulated it - my grandmother couldn’t be happier and I’m happy - the house is cool in the summer and very warm in the winter. In addition, the master corrected the perimeter of the window and now there are no gaps.
See also: How to cover windows with film for the winter
Denis When I was looking for reviews about window insulation using Swedish technology, I found only those where they wrote how they were installed. I wanted to insulate my wooden window with my own hands. Unfortunately, I couldn’t find detailed instructions or the Swedish method anywhere - I decided to do it by instinct. As a result, the window was adjusted and did not even close completely. The wind remained the same, the window was loose and remained that way after my repair. I bought so much material that, as the master later explained to me, it would be enough for 2 years of work. After my insulation, the window did not look very presentable - nails were sticking out, and the frame was deformed. But the worst thing is that the new insulation simply came out after about 5 days. I insulated one window for about a week and in the end my wife couldn’t stand it and called the contractor. When I saw with my own eyes how quickly and efficiently he insulated the window using Swedish technology, I realized that everyone should mind their own business. It was even awkward to show them the results of my activities. As a result, the master fixed it and now the window is clean, beautiful and well-groomed. And most importantly, even in winter there is no draft, which has plagued us for many years. I spent half as much money on the work as when I tried to insulate the window myself.
Volodya I am a professional craftsman and have been restoring windows using Swedish technology for about 10 years. Most often they order this kind of insulation when it comes to wooden windows. I can note the durability of such insulation and the well-functioning technology in general.
Sveta It’s winter again and we’re tired of the draft in our house. I went online and found tips on how to insulate using tape and cotton wool, but after a week this improvised insulation simply flew out. It blew strongly, although there were no cracks or holes in the wooden window. I had to go online again. This time I found a list of private owners who insulate the window using tape. I called. Had arrived. Did. It doesn't seem to be blowing. The yellow tape holds well, but it is forbidden to open the windows - the tape comes off easily, but it will not be possible to put it back in place. Yes, and gluing a new one every time is also not an option. I went to Yandex and typed in reviews for repairing wooden windows using Swedish technology. I found a few reviews, but almost all of them were positive and that made me happy. I called a dozen companies. In the end, I chose simple guys - I don’t like it when they show off too much. Two guys arrived and started removing the old window. I had to put on a jacket because it was winter outside and it was very cold. Within 4 hours the window was put in place. During this time, handles, slopes, hinges were installed and the window was well ventilated. They didn’t paint it, at first it seemed to me that nothing had changed, but the very next morning I felt that the usual draft was gone. I am very grateful to the masters - now our place is warm and cozy. Another important plus is that the noise from the street also disappeared.
Ivan Insulating old wooden windows using the Swedish method is really effective and significantly reduces heat losses. I didn’t want to spend money on installing plastic windows, and everyone says that wooden windows are better. That is why I decided that I would insulate it. I found a private contractor who insulated a double-hung window in two hours. I am pleased with the result as the apartment is now very warm. There are also no complaints about the operation of the fittings.
Kolyan It’s cheaper to replace wood with plastic, but my wife and I decided to insulate existing windows. We called a bunch of companies - in some places the cost was too high, and in others it was quite acceptable. We didn’t want to wait until next winter, so we started restoring the windows in the house in the summer. We immediately decided to insulate it using Swedish technology; all my wife’s friends praised it and she didn’t want to hear about anything else. The master we found in the company assured us that this technology can significantly reduce heat loss. We were happy with the cost of the work and decided to conclude a contract. The work began the very next day - as a result, all the windows in the apartment were insulated and we were satisfied. Even at -25 in our house it is warm and even hot.
Matilda I read for a long time the repair of wooden windows using Swedish technology, reviews in Yandex. And I decided to make such insulation myself. The Moscow Windows company sent a master who, within three hours, updated and completely insulated my windows. I paid little, taking into account the discount, and am very pleased with the result. Now I boast to my guests about my warm wooden windows and have always scolded plastic for its terrible smell.
At the end, we offer a video about do-it-yourself window insulation using Swedish technology:
Advice from professionals
The choice of the original seal is carried out in accordance with the operating conditions, the diameter of the outer tube and who will do the work. Thus, thermoplastic elastomer (6-8 mm) is afraid of temperature changes, but is the cheapest in its segment. Rubber (6, 8, 10 mm) is hard, afraid of paint and can only be placed in an ideal groove. Silicone insulation (5, 8, 10, 12 mm) is more expensive than its analogues, but is completely worth the investment.
Manufacturers offer a choice of transparent and colored versions of Swedish insulation tape
It is worth paying special attention to the bottom bar. This is explained by the fact that the load from the sashes and condensate falls to a greater extent on it. As a rule, cracks appear from changes in humidity, worn areas from the movement of sagging windows. The latter are corrected before hanging, and the cracks are filled with putty and secured with a primer.
Mistakes are often made when threading sealing tape. It consists in the additional use of adhesive or sealing materials.
Attention! Only the mounting edge of the Swedish insulation should be located in clean grooves.
The original tapes have letter markings. It indicates the relevance of the product for a specific gap between the sash and the frame. So, E fills 2-3.5 mm, P - up to 5 mm, and D is intended for wide voids in the range of 3-12 mm. You can determine the width using plasticine wrapped in thin polyethylene.