Jumpers above windows - how to install a reinforced concrete or brick connection (63 photos)

Reinforced concrete lintels - definition and purpose

Reinforced concrete products (RCP) are widely popular in construction due to the reliability and durability of the structure. The combination of metal reinforcement and concrete allows it to take both tensile and bending loads. It is thanks to this that reinforced concrete construction allows for highly effective results.

Photo of reinforced concrete lintels

Reinforced concrete lintels are products made of concrete and reinforcing steel, which are fully used in the construction of buildings of any type. Their direct purpose is to cover openings in walls (for example, for doorways or windows) to transfer the weight of the structure onto them. Additionally, they can be used in the construction of any object where it is possible to use them (fences, fences, frames, etc.).

High-quality materials make it possible to use load-bearing reinforced concrete lintels for general, administrative and domestic buildings, for brick walls, as well as walls made of natural and artificial stone. They are classified as fireproof structures.

Jumper types

Types of reinforced concrete lintels - Slabs Beams Facade

According to the standard, there are the following types of jumpers:

• Slab (PP) – width more than 25 cm.
• Bars (PB) – width up to 25 cm.
• Beam (PG) - L-shaped.
• Facade (PF).

What are lintels over windows, and why are they needed?

If you approach a house under construction and look at the rectangular openings for doors or windows, you will notice that its upper part is made up of special masonry or a beam stretched across it. It is this simple structure that bears the load from the building elements above it. Regardless of the size of the jumpers, they are needed for:

• making the wall structure reliable - the load-bearing surface becomes the support of the entire building, and it cannot be allowed to collapse;
• creating a certain shape of a window recess - the lintels can be a classic horizontal beam, or they can be made in the form of a playful arch;
• bases for the ceiling and continuation of the arrangement of the walls.

The calculation of the opening area occurs long before the start of construction work. Although it is possible to change its dimensions or shape during the construction of a building, it may require significant changes in the design in order to evenly distribute the weight load of the structure.

Jumper requirements

So, window lintels are essentially beams that are laid on top of window openings when building walls . Therefore, they perform several functions at once:

Thus, the main requirement for jumpers is their strength . Therefore, reinforced concrete window lintels in accordance with GOST R 51263-99 are made from concrete grades no lower than D300-D600.

In addition, they must meet some other requirements:

• high shape accuracy;
• the length of the supporting sections must be at least 25 cm on each side;
• durability.

Options for arranging jumpers

Depending on the installation location, the types of jumpers mounted above the windows differ.

As you know, reinforced concrete floor slabs rest on two sides.

The wall on which the slab rests is load-bearing. And a wall on which the floor slab does not rest is self-supporting. Those. carries itself.

So, window openings located in load-bearing walls are covered with reinforced lintels - 3PB. And in self-supporting walls, 2PB jumpers. The length of the lintel is selected equal to the width of the window opening plus support of at least 250 mm on each side.

Technological characteristics

There are 2 production methods:

• manufacturing a beam separately from the structure where it will be used; a finished lintel is installed above the opening;
• the product is poured directly at the site of its future installation.

Each method has its own difficulties. For example, in the first case it is not difficult to make a beam. However, you need to think about how to lift it, since the main difference between the product is its significant weight.

When it is planned to pour a beam at a height, it is necessary to ensure the strength and tightness of the formwork. The solution should not leak between the boards. In addition, you need to think about how to remove the formwork once the concrete has hardened. The advantage of this method is that there is no need to transport the product. It is chosen when you need to make a large beam, but there are no assistants to lift it.

Characteristics of concrete products:

• level of strength, which allows the products to be classified as load-bearing or non-load-bearing products, the first option is intended for transportation by a crane due to its significant weight, the second is much lighter, so it can be lifted manually with assistants;
• the supporting length for load-bearing beams is 30 cm, for non-load-bearing beams the value of this parameter can be reduced to 15-20 cm;
• load-bearing lintels are divided into types: reinforced, edged;
• The length of the façade beams exceeds that of their analogues;
• During transportation and storage, stacks of lintels are placed at a distance of at least 250 mm, dense material is placed in the gaps - this measure is necessary to prevent deformation of the beams when falling.

Reinforced concrete as the most popular material for lintels

Reinforced concrete parts are combined with each other to create a reliable lintel.

However, to manufacture it, you should know that there are different sizes of reinforced concrete lintels, differing in name:

• PB is a product in the form of a beam, usually no more than 250 mm wide, and the length varies depending on the product labeling and can range from 1 to almost 6 m;
• PP - the product is a tiled surface, and its width already exceeds 250 mm; it is made by fastening several beams;
• PG - products of this marking are produced in the form of beams that have a special groove in their design, called a quarter; PG is used for arranging reliable connections at slabs used for flooring;
• PF is a variant of a reinforced concrete product used on the facade of a building, and “covers” the PG and its recesses.

Some people prefer to make reinforced concrete themselves by constructing formwork, inserting reinforcement parts and filling it all with concrete mixture. However, to create support above window openings, it is recommended to use factory-made lintels. At some factories it is possible to order individual forms for the window opening.

As for the minimum support for lintels, it is at least 250 mm on a brick wall, and for installation on partitions - at least 200 mm.

Reinforcement of reinforced concrete products

The choice of reinforcement type and rod diameter depends on the type of lintel. According to GOST, for reinforced concrete lintels used in private construction, prestressed reinforcement with a diameter of 6 to 8 mm is used. For floors designed for heavy loads, reinforcement of a larger diameter is used.

For longitudinal reinforcement the following is used:

• heat-strengthened steel type At800 or At600C, hot-rolled steel rod of class A800 or A600 can be used as prestressing reinforcement;
• non-prestressed reinforcement is made of steel A400 or A500, heat-strengthened steel At-IIIC, wire B500 or BP500.

For the manufacture of transverse parts of the frame for reinforced concrete, hot-rolled steels A240, A400, A500, reinforcing wires B-500, BP500 are used. When making bar or slab elements of standard sizes, it is necessary to take into account that with a thickness of 12 cm a flat steel frame is made, and with a thickness of 25 cm a spatial frame is made.

When stressing the reinforcement, it is necessary that the actual deviations in the reinforced concrete do not exceed the values ​​​​indicated in the table:

Width and height:

The size that determines the position of: protrusions, recesses and holes of embedded products: in the plane of the lintel from the plane of the lintel

5 3

Before pouring, steel reinforcement rods are laid along the formwork and secured with wire to form a strong reinforcing mesh. The cells of the resulting frame should be 20-50 mm, this is the optimal indicator for ensuring the required strength.

How is the opening size calculated?

The size of the opening and the support of the lintels are calculated individually, depending on the type of materials used for the construction of the building, which can only withstand a certain load. Should be considered:

1. The weight of the lintel parts, as well as the assembled structure as a whole.
2. The weight of the future wall being built above the window recess.
3. How exactly will the weight of the wall surface above the opening be distributed (if the masonry is being done in summer, then it is enough to use the weight of 1/3 of the upper part of the wall in the calculations; if it is being laid in winter, then you have to take into account the load exerted by the entire wall).
4. The load exerted by floor slabs and beams.

There are also the following formulas for measuring the main parameters of the future jumper:

• load value = specific gravity of the material used * value of the width of the opening * value of the thickness of the masonry in the opening * height of the wall above the lintel;
• strength = resistance of the base material * resistance of a single part * coefficient 1.12.

It is advisable to take the help of professionals to determine the correct size of openings so that during future construction, unforeseen situations such as collapse of materials do not occur.

Pouring lintels and dismantling formwork

Pouring a window lintel

It is recommended that two people perform the operations of pouring the concrete mixture; in this case, an assistant will be able to give you buckets of concrete, which is usually prepared at ground or floor level. Pouring concrete should be done very carefully, ensuring that the composition is evenly distributed throughout the entire volume of the box and penetrates into all its cavities. In addition, when arranging window lintels with your own hands (in the process of leveling the concrete mixture), you must ensure that the pouring level coincides with the top cut of the brickwork.

Dismantling the formwork usually begins with cutting off the binding wire, after which you can move on to unscrewing the screws that fasten the panels together. Then, using a pry bar, the side panels are separated from the finished lintel, after which the support is removed and the bottom panel is removed.

Manufactured jumper

The surface of the resulting lintel most often does not look entirely ideal and, of course, needs additional processing. To do this, first of all, you should remove the remnants of the wire, and then, in order to eliminate all irregularities, plaster its surface.

Methods for making lintels for aerated concrete blocks over windows and doors

Proper reinforcement of aerated concrete buildings is the key to the durability of the structure being built, and also helps prevent the occurrence of cracks and deformations during the entire period of operation.

Reinforced elements are used when it is necessary to increase the strength of gas silicate walls in cottage and private low-rise construction. Lintels for aerated concrete blocks are installed when constructing all window and door openings. This helps distribute the loads from the floors and prevent the appearance of cracks in the window area.

What it is?

According to regulatory requirements, concrete lintels consist of several elements:

• reinforcement cage, which increases strength characteristics and prevents cracking under load;
• durable concrete monolith, the dimensions of which are determined by GOST;
• elements for slinging necessary for loading and unloading operations, quick and safe installation.

In areas with cold climates, frost-resistant concrete is used for production. The strength of the reinforcing part is calculated depending on the bending loads under which the structures will be operated.

This type of reinforced concrete products is used in construction and performs the following tasks:

• door and window lintels increase the load that the openings can withstand;
• are compensators for the action of different types of loads, for example, above doorways;
• help create a power circuit that increases the load-bearing capacity of structural elements;
• are a reliable contour on which the roof is mounted.

Depending on the size and strength characteristics of the products, they can be used in the installation of overpasses, tracks for cranes or city trams.

In construction, reinforced concrete lintels over windows or doorways can be installed in brick, block (including foam and aerated concrete), stone or monolithic buildings.

Factory solutions

The technology for using lintels in private housing construction has several fundamental differences from the installation adopted in modern and mass construction using cellular aerated concrete. Currently, several types of jumpers are used, which differ in design features and rules of application .

Ready-made version of reinforced gas silicate lintel according to GOST

Ready-made factory aerated silicate (aerated concrete) lintels are ordinary aerated concrete beams with a rectangular cross-section and an internal frame in the form of reinforcement coated with a special anti-corrosion compound.
Related article: Patterns for window frames stencil

Arrows on the element indicate the correct direction of installation.

The main advantages are:

• properly reinforced aerated concrete does not crack , does not “float” and does not collapse during long-term use;
• aerated concrete lintels are high-strength, lightweight structures that do not place additional load on the constructed walls and foundation;
• the cellular structure of the aerated concrete lintel is identical to the structure of the building blocks, therefore it does not cause a decrease in thermal efficiency , and as a result there is no need for additional insulation.

Main dimensions of gas silicate jumpers:

• Height - 124 mm;
• Width - 115 mm, 150 mm, 175 mm;
• Length - 1300-3000 mm.

Check on the manufacturers website.

U-block construction

The most popular option is to install precast lintels over windows in walls made of cellular aerated concrete with permanent formwork based on U-shaped elements.

The article provided by the link provides information about the manufactured sizes of these elements and the method of self-production. U-shaped lintels are prefabricated elements . They are easily sawed to the required length using a hacksaw for aerated concrete. A welded reinforcement frame structure is laid in the furrows of the products, after which installation is carried out over a window or doorway using wooden formwork. Reinforced concrete elements are made using heavy mixtures based on concrete and reinforcing rods.

Reinforced concrete lintels

These factory products are concrete beams with reinforcement inside.

In terms of thermal conductivity, concrete is noticeably inferior to gas silicate.

If you plan to insulate the walls of the house with mineral wool, then these beams can be used.

But for walls without insulation, reinforced concrete will act as a cold bridge.

In this case, the aerated concrete lintels proposed in the first option look better.

Key Features

Block jumpers

Formwork assembly diagram

Today, experts recommend giving preference to concrete lintels, finished factory products or products made on the construction site. They are more durable and reliable, take less time to install and are designed for higher loads. The production of concrete lintels can be done directly at the construction site in two ways:

GOST 17625-83 Reinforced concrete structures and products. Radiation method for determining the thickness of the protective layer of concrete, the size and location of reinforcement

The following terms with corresponding definitions are used in this standard:

This standard uses normative references to the following interstate standards:

Support depth and maximum opening length

Depending on the design features, the installation technology, the depth of support of the lintels on aerated concrete blocks, and the basic operating rules may vary.

Installation of lintels in stone buildings

The easiest way to decorate the upper part of the opening is to avoid using a lintel, increasing the height of the window right up to the reinforced belt. This is not always possible, because the length of the span imposes its own limitations, especially for load-bearing walls, and besides, it is impossible to bring doors right up to the ceiling. And yet you should know that between the opening and the reinforced crown there must be at least two rows of large-format blocks, or 5-7 rows of bricks, or there should be nothing.

It is easiest to arrange the upper part of the opening in walls on which the ceilings do not rest. If the height of the masonry above the opening does not meet the requirements for self-support, the upper rows are reinforced with reinforcement. Between each brick of the row covering the opening, “clips” are laid - clamps made of 4 mm wire, which protrude above the row of masonry, forming a kind of ears. Under them, longitudinal reinforcement is inserted and tied, one 10 mm rod for every 10 cm of wall thickness, extending 15–20 cm onto the pillars on the sides of the opening.

Strengthening an opening in load-bearing walls made of solid blocks of lightweight concrete is even easier. The masonry above the opening is carried out using a temporary support from below. After this, a groove up to 20 cm deep and 25–30 mm thick is cut in the center of the blocks above the opening. Flat reinforcement is inserted inside - a mesh of 12 mm reinforcement, and then the groove is filled with sand concrete. If it is clear that such strengthening does not meet the strength requirements, use U-shaped trays made of porous concrete in the manner of permanent formwork.

Reinforced concrete lintels are very significant cold bridges. Their use is required only in exceptional cases, when a very wide opening is planned in the load-bearing wall. Such lintels are cast flush with the wall, tamping the panel formwork from the inside, outside and below. The lintels are reinforced in two rows, one 12 mm rod for every 60–80 mm of wall thickness. Depending on the length of the span, another 2–3 reinforcement bars can be added to the bottom row of reinforcement. To prevent heat migration, a pair of EPS slabs with a total thickness of 50–70 mm are installed in the center of the formwork, while the reinforcement is distributed to form protective layers of 40 mm.

When installing jumpers of any type, it is important to be able to properly prepare the “shoulders” on which they rest. As a rule, wood, solid brick or grade 300 cement mortar are used for this.

Installation methods

Let's look at how to make a lintel over a window in more detail.

Device using U-blocks

The design is intended to work with floors whose width does not exceed three meters. The use of lightweight elements eliminates the need for a construction crane and other types of special equipment.

Reinforcement is carried out with corrugated metal rods having a strength class of A400-500 with a diameter of 10-16 mm (as determined by calculation):

• when the tray width is less than 120 mm, it is recommended to use two-rod reinforcement;
• when the tray width is greater than 150 mm, it is recommended to use four reinforcing bars, which are connected using tying wire with reinforcing rods in increments of 40-50 mm to obtain a spatially reliable grid.

The support zone of the outer blocks should be 25 cm. To glue the ends of the blocks, standard assembly adhesive for cellular aerated concrete is used. Find out about its choice and consumption from this article.

You can do without special U-shaped trays and build formwork locally from boards and (or) partition aerated concrete blocks. Next, reinforce and fill with concrete. Various methods are discussed in the article about making an armored belt. The design here is similar.

Installation of reinforced jumpers

This option is reliable due to the voluminous steel frame inside the product and is the best basis for finishing decoration.

Dimensions are selected in accordance with the span length and width of the wall blocks. Such an element is used as a beam for one span and is mounted in accordance with the following recommendations:

• lifting the part to the required height and installing it with the arrow pointing up, maintaining a reference depth of 30 cm;
• if necessary, it is allowed to use a pair of lintels in one opening, but the construction of the base of the window opening is carried out exclusively as a monolithic product;
• in the support areas, all elements must be fastened with special adhesive solutions, and the second part is mounted close to the already installed window lintel using a rubber mallet.

The surface is leveled with a plane if necessary. Further work is carried out only after the adhesive mixture has completely dried.

Installation on angles or reinforcing bars

An option widely used in the construction of houses made of cellular concrete. But professionals do not approve of such installation and call it “collective farm” . If you still decide to start a collective farm, then use this design on narrow windows up to 120 cm wide in one-story buildings. And take stronger corners, for example, with a section of 75x75x6 mm.

I would not recommend making a lintel from corners on a wide window, as here.

This design involves the use of metal corners installed with a support depth of 30 cm. Installation work is carried out taking into account the following requirements and rules:

• steel corners must be painted on all sides with special compounds against corrosive changes;
• the minimum supporting length of the metal corner installed on the masonry walls should not be less than 20 cm;
• the corners are fastened together using steel tape, welding or using a standard wire tie;
• metal elements must be recessed into aerated concrete, which will not allow the corners to protrude above the wall surface.

Related article: Micro-ventilation mechanism for plastic windows

Here's another option:

Insulation

In addition to reliability, which is undoubtedly important primarily when covering with jumpers, you also need to think about the comfort that they can disrupt. Now we are talking about a possible “cold bridge” that can occur due to insufficient or improper insulation of external walls, door or window openings.

Insulation and installation of reinforced concrete lintels inside the wall

When insulating reinforced concrete lintels for windows or any other opening, you must remember that a high-quality result can only be achieved if the layer of thermal insulation material is at least 10 cm. This is necessary so that the heat transfer coefficient of the wall and lintels coincides. It is recommended to use mineral wool or polystyrene foam as a thermal insulation material.

size table

Tips and tricks

It is important to remember that if the length of the opening does not exceed 1.2 meters, and the height is less than two-thirds of the width, then the most convenient option for the device will be a lintel made of standard blocks without the use of additional fasteners. The blocks must be laid using removable temporary formwork and special glue for cellular aerated concrete. In this case, the side elements are recessed into the wall by at least 115 mm.

Additional reinforcement can be the reinforcement of the rows located above the opening. The optimal cross-section of the reinforcement used is approximately 6-8 mm. The end part extends beyond the boundaries of the opening by 0.5 m on both sides of the masonry. The ends need to be given an L-shape and anchored into the masonry of aerated concrete blocks.

How to draw a plan for floors and coverings

To draw up a floor plan, it is necessary to determine which load-bearing structures will be used - this is also included (prefabricated or monolithic reinforced concrete; reinforced concrete beams, wood or metal, etc.).

The fifth contains notes as necessary.

After the floor slabs are installed over one part of the plan, it is necessary to move on to another and so on, until the floor plan is completely completed.

This kind of work is not that difficult, but it takes time and requires preliminary calculations. The same thing is much faster and easier to do using ready-made lintels for aerated concrete blocks. There are quite a lot of types of structures. They are selected taking into account the nature of the window opening, wall thickness, opening length and other factors.

On average, the thickness of a wall made of aerated blocks is 0.6 meters . Sometimes it is made thinner , but in this case it will be necessary to reinforce not only the lintel, but also install vertical reinforcement. Finished products cannot be used in this case , since vertical and horizontal reinforcement must be connected.

Types of window lintels

A lintel is a rectangular structure made primarily of reinforced concrete. It is mounted above window and door openings, as well as above openings where a door is not provided. This design serves to strengthen the nodes and evenly distribute the load on the wall. There are also jumpers made of wood and metal.

In buildings made of brick, as well as in “monolith-brick” projects, the presence of a lintel is mandatory according to SNiP. In panel structures, the jumper is already in the structure itself.

Video

For information on pouring reinforced concrete lintels in practice, watch the following video:

Jumper Installation Using U-Blocks

Scheme for manufacturing a monolithic lintel

Reinforcement frame for window lintel

Prepared formwork

Lintel after pouring concrete

Removing formwork

Reinforced concrete lintels

The lintel is needed to strengthen structural units (door openings, window openings, openings without purpose) and to uniformly distribute the load that is created by the wall or ceiling itself. The point is that the load is distributed along the edges of the reinforced concrete lintel. There are many ready-made options for products in sizes, concrete grades and other parameters, but you can also make them yourself.

Preparing the box

Manufacturing of formwork

Work on arranging the lintel begins with the manufacture of a wooden frame (box), which is used to pour the concrete mixture and obtain a building element of a given shape. To install such a box, you will need one bottom and two side wooden panels, from which you can subsequently assemble the formwork.

The linear dimensions of the finished panels must correspond to the dimensions of the window opening, and the side panels must cover it both in height and width. The bottom shield is made exactly to the size of the opening being closed. In the sides of the formwork, holes are prepared in advance for the binding wire, through which the panels will be held in a given position. The bottom and side surfaces of the boards are then lined with polyethylene film, which is attached to the formwork using glass nails.

Laying reinforcement

1. The assembly of the box usually begins with the installation of the lower shield, which is carefully adjusted both in width and length to the dimensions of the window opening. The correctness of its horizontal installation is controlled using a building level, after which several supports are installed under this shield (taking into account maintaining the leveled position).
2. Side shields are placed in a certain sequence; in this case, one of them is first fixed on the wall (using self-tapping screws, for example) and only then fixed on the already mounted lower panel. Note that for walls made of silicate or gas silicate blocks, this task is significantly simplified, since the panels can be fixed to their surface using ordinary nails.
3. The second side panel is also fixed first on the wall, and then attached to the bottom of the box using self-tapping screws. When securing the formwork, you should not skimp on self-tapping screws, since when dismantling the structure you can unscrew all the fasteners and use them for other purposes.
4. To avoid the “collapse” of the panels under the pressure of the concrete solution, the side walls of the structure are fastened together with binding wire. Such wire (pre-cut into pieces) is threaded in a double ring into previously prepared holes in the shields. After this, a suitable sized reinforcing rod is inserted in the center of the twist, with which it is tightened.
5. Then the ready-made reinforcing mesh is placed into the formwork. It is placed in such a way that the reinforcement bars do not touch the walls of the box; At the same time, small pebbles are placed under its lower row.

To fill homemade lintels, it is best to use concrete mixed with fine gravel.

Making a reinforced concrete lintel with your own hands

To make a jumper you will need a certain tool and material, without which it cannot be made.

• Formwork. These are sheets made of durable material (chipboard, fiberboard), which serve as a kind of form for pouring concrete. Also, the formwork requires spacers to hold the sheets themselves, because simply nailing them to each other will not work - the concrete will squeeze out the formwork and will have to be dismantled. The formwork is set to a level, you can also use a plumb line, and if you have a level, the level will be extremely accurate, which is very important.

• Fittings. It consists of metal rods with stiffening ribs. Necessary to impart rigidity and elasticity to the reinforced concrete lintel. The reinforcement is installed after the formwork is installed, connected to each other, creating a reinforcing mesh. It is advisable to weld the extreme ends of the reinforcement to the wall (or rather, grab it) so that the reinforcement does not float when pouring.
• Concrete. The main component of all reinforced concrete products. Has many brands and classes. For the lintel, concrete of class B15, as well as grade M200, is suitable, but in cases of high-rise construction (from five floors), it is advisable to use grade M250.

If you make concrete yourself, you will need a concrete mixer. If it is not there, then the process of making concrete will be extremely long and inconvenient. In this case, you will need a bath or other structure that will allow you to mix the mixture being prepared.

Concrete consists of sand, water, cement and filler (gravel, crushed stone). Depending on what kind of concrete you want to get, the proportions of ingredients will differ. But there is one caveat: with this manufacturing method, the building should not be higher than two floors and should not be of a dacha type, since the concrete will be ordinary and not vibrated, which is not so good for the structure itself.

After 28 days, the concrete sets and the formwork can be dismantled. This is done using a crowbar or a hammer. Before this period, you should not tear down the formwork because the structure may float a little. It would seem that this is insignificant, but even a loss of half a centimeter can have a very serious impact on the structure, bringing it into an unsatisfactory technical condition.

Also, when checked by technical supervision, this violation may lead to the suspension of work until this malfunction is eliminated. Since, according to SNiP, concrete sets after 28 days, it is recommended to carry out work on concrete after this period, and technical supervision will not see a violation in this. This applies to all buildings and structures, including houses on individual projects (private houses).

Important: the lintel must be flush with the brickwork. It should not stick out in any direction, either on the facade or on the back side.

• If it sticks out, although everything was set according to a level or level, then this means that the formwork was poorly secured and floated. In this case, you need to check the level again (even with a level) and make sure that the jumper has not violated its geometry and has not lost its true, calculated dimensions. If all is well, then the small protrusion can either be hidden with insulation, or beaten off with a jackhammer (alternatively, cut off with a grinder and a concrete disc).
• If the projection of the jumper exceeds the tolerances, then it is better to dismantle such a jumper, otherwise this object may not be accepted until the violations are eliminated. And the dismantling of a lintel in a finished structure, and its dismantling almost immediately after its installation, has varying complexity of repair and restoration work.

Also, lintels can be used in the construction of third-party structures: gazebos, pavilions, tents, stairs (small), garages. The principle of their installation is almost no different from the installation of jumpers in residential buildings, except for the size of the structure. The main use of reinforced concrete products (in particular, lintels) are structures and buildings made of brick, stone, foam blocks, cinder blocks, aerated concrete and other materials with a stone base.

Related article: Plastic strips for PVC windows

Materials and tools

Boards for making formwork
To successfully complete the task, you will need the following consumables:

• a set of edged boards of suitable thickness;
• set of metal corners;
• thin reinforcing mesh;
• polyethylene film;
• nails with a wide head;
• self-tapping screws of the required size;
• knitting wire.

Jigsaw for cutting wood

As for the tool, for work you will need to prepare:

• regular hammer;
• electric jigsaw (hacksaw);
• electric drill or screwdriver;
• installation tool (mount);
• “trowel” (trowel);
• small capacity bucket.

Lintels for window and door openings: types, sizes, installation features

It is difficult to imagine a house in which there are no windows or doors. In order to make them, structures are needed to cover the openings.

Reinforced concrete lintels are used for this purpose. Their main function is to transfer the load from the ceiling and brickwork to the side sections of the walls (piers).

The main materials for making jumpers are:

• Reinforced concrete - due to its affordable price and high manufacturability, is widely used in capital construction;
• Steel (I-beam or channel) is used to a limited extent to cover wide openings where windows and doors are subject to heavy loads.

The markings and overall dimensions of reinforced concrete structures are specified by GOST 948-84 . This building standard divides all industrially produced lintels for window and door openings into several basic types:

1. PP - slab (width more than 25 cm).
2. PB - block (width less than 25 cm).
3. PG - L-shaped beams are equipped with a protrusion designed to support floor slabs.
4. PF - façade (used for openings in which the masonry protrudes more than 25 cm from the wall surface).

Depending on the size of the working load, all prefabricated lintels are divided into load-bearing and non-load-bearing. The former perceive and transmit to the walls the weight of the ceiling and the upper part of the wall. The latter can only withstand the load from the wall and their own weight.

The load-bearing capacity of reinforced concrete lintels ranges from 100 to 3,700 kg/m. Concrete provides these structures with the necessary compressive strength, and steel reinforcement absorbs tensile forces.

Construction of houses

When building any house, there is a need to use reinforced concrete lintels.
You can order them or make them yourself. But given the price of reinforced concrete lintels, it is preferable to choose the second option. Of course, many people think that factory-made products are more convenient or reliable, but making high-quality jumpers with your own hands is quite simple. In addition, you will significantly save your money, since you only have to pay for materials. In this article we will look at the technology of self-manufacturing jumpers. Content:

Types of reinforced concrete lintels

Reinforced concrete products are widely used in the construction industry. Their strength, durability and versatility place them at the forefront of today's building materials. Concrete lintels occupy a high place among other reinforced concrete products, despite their small size and weight. Without lintels, you will not be able to construct a single house from concrete and foam concrete stones, bricks, etc. Reinforced concrete lintels are needed to support the part that is located above the door or window opening. They are used to cover window and door openings in block, stone and brick walls.

A simple technology for the production of reinforced concrete lintels gives very effective results. This is due to the fact that the concrete composition is poured into the formwork with pre-laid steel reinforcement. Metal reinforcement takes the load for various bends and tensions, and concrete reinforcement takes the load for compression.

Lintels can be arched, steel, brick, reinforced brick, etc. There are several types - timber, prefabricated, window and load-bearing lintels. They are made of heavy grade concrete and are designated by the corresponding letters, which indicate the length, design load and standard size.

Reinforced concrete prefabricated lintels are the most popular. They are marked with the designation PR and consist of classic reinforced concrete bars and slabs. The prefabricated property is a huge advantage, since during the masonry you can install the lintel and continue to do the masonry. It is not necessary to cut bricks and lay out rows, due to the modularity of the lintel dimensions.

Concrete window lintels are used to cover window openings. This type is widely used in brick buildings, but can also be used in buildings made of natural or artificial stone.

Load-bearing reinforced concrete lintels are used when it is necessary to close the openings of load-bearing walls. Reinforced reinforced concrete lintels are needed to accommodate the loads from the partition slabs. Load-bearing beams take the load only from the wall located above the opening. Purlins are large lintels, and crossbars are horizontal beams with a shelf, which is necessary as a base on which higher structures will rest. Like all other types, they are widely used in the construction of various objects.

There is another type of reinforced concrete lintels. These are pencils - thin load-bearing jumpers, which are often used in interior partitions with a thickness of 120 millimeters. They are also often used in door openings. The most popular are lintels for window and door openings.

Methods for manufacturing reinforced concrete lintels

To make reinforced concrete lintels you will need the following materials - reinforcement, angles, boards, nails, a concrete mixer (optional), strapping wire, cement, crushed stone and sand for the concrete composition. You may need other materials that you can use if you wish. Before starting work, you need to choose the right type of jumpers.

For small buildings with lightweight construction, regular lintels can be used for additional savings. They should also be used in cases where the ceiling vaults of all floors place emphasis on reinforced belts, which themselves take the loads and distribute them evenly.

Let's look at the technology for making reinforced concrete lintels with our own hands. You can pour the lintel directly above the opening or make it first on the ground, and then install it in the opening. You can use a more convenient option. If you prefer the first method, you will have to tinker with the formwork, if the second method, you will have to lift and install the already made lintel yourself.

The latter option is heavier; you may have to hire a crane to lift it. In this case, it is necessary to make even two jumpers, the width of which is 150 millimeters. At the same time, the thickness of the backfill masonry is 300 millimeters - 100 millimeters of insulation and foam block.

Making formwork for lintels

But if you give preference to the first method - filling the lintel already in the opening, you will save your effort, money and time. An additional advantage is that in this case only one jumper is needed. Installing formwork may raise some questions, but we will try to answer them.

The formwork for a reinforced concrete lintel must be securely fastened and hold fairly heavy concrete inside. The form can be made from wooden boards, from which shields should be created. Their thickness should be 20-25 millimeters. The boards must be fastened with screws or nails. It is recommended to use self-tapping screws and screw them in with a screwdriver. After use, you can easily disassemble the formwork by simply unscrewing the screws.

First, you should install a horizontal shield in the opening, which will rest on supports. You can place it flush with the infill masonry or slightly beyond it. If the shield extends slightly beyond the masonry, it should be installed on top of it, and not from the side.

Reinforcing mesh must be placed on the horizontal panel in the formwork. After this, the vertical shield should be secured with self-tapping screws. When pouring, for better stability of the shield, it can be tied to the laying mesh using binding wire. It must be tightened. This method will not allow the shield to move due to the concrete load, and it will be well attached to the window.

Insulation of reinforced concrete lintel

An insulating layer must be placed between the lintel and the facing masonry. As insulation, you can use mineral wool, which is also suitable for insulating walls. In any case, the thickness of the insulation should be about 100 millimeters. The insulation should be placed in the formwork and filled with concrete.

If you use mineral wool, the future window will rest against its surface. At the same time, filling the joint with installation foam will not fully guarantee the stability of the frame. Therefore, the slopes of the window opening must be laid with filling brick so that the window rests against it and is then securely secured with mounting foam.

It is worth noting that when using backfill masonry on slopes, the slopes will have to be insulated again. If you don't want to create unnecessary hassle and don't want to apply a second layer, you can use a slightly different method of insulating the lintel. It is also reliable and even simpler. To do this, you can use extruded polystyrene foam instead of mineral wool.

This insulation is known for its more durable surface. The thickness of its sheets should be about 30 millimeters. When installing a window, the gap between the frame and the insulation material should be filled with foam, which will rest against the solid plane of the insulation and securely fix the window in the opening. In this case, you may not need to use an additional layer of insulation.

Reinforcement of reinforced concrete lintel

The diameter of the reinforcement will depend on the type of product - slab or bar reinforced concrete lintel. For our case, we can use ordinary reinforcement, which takes small loads and is non-load-bearing. This type can be used due to the use of reinforced belt and lightweight roof structure.

For our jumper, you can use a reinforcement mesh made of two threads. Its diameter should be 6-8 millimeters. The prepared reinforcement should be laid along the lintel. The reinforcement bars must be fastened with binding wire. No welding is required to connect the reinforcement. In the end you will have a grid that looks like a ladder.

Formwork strengthening procedure

When you install a horizontal formwork panel, you should use supports. Many builders neglect this rule and do not take into account the rather large weight of concrete, which is approximately 2.5 tons per cubic meter. When the solution is poured into the mold, it can bend the shield or displace it, which will affect the shape of the future lintel, which can no longer be altered.

Therefore, it is better to take care of a reliable form and its stable design in advance. When you secure the support, you need to place it in the center of the opening, closer to the window. In this case, the inner edge will be fixed to the vertical board, so it will not be able to sag.

Pouring the mold with concrete

For pouring, you can use concrete marked 200. To prepare it, you will need cement, crushed stone and sand in proportions of 1: 2: 5. It is recommended to pre-rinse the crushed stone and clean it of dried dirt, and thoroughly sift the sand. When preparing concrete, it is very important to use fresh cement, then the concrete will be more durable.

First, the mixture must be stirred dry, then water must be added. It is worth noting that the quality of the resulting concrete depends on the quality of mixing. You can mix the mixture manually with a regular stick or use a concrete mixer. When you pour the solution, the reinforcement should be slightly raised above the horizontal panel.

This is done so that in the future it will completely sink into the concrete and not look out. Therefore, place brick fragments (20 millimeters thick) under the reinforcing mesh and begin pouring concrete mortar. Once the concrete has completely cured, you can begin installing the wall over the form.

If you can choose, it is advisable to make a quarter in the window. This approach is beautiful and practical. This will protect your room from drafts, cold air and hide the cracks with installation foam. The quarter dimensions should be 5 centimeters on top of the windows and on the sides. Below - where the window sill is installed, the size should be 2 centimeters.

Jumper installation standards

To strengthen openings in external load-bearing walls, it is necessary to use only reinforced lintels made of the heaviest grades of concrete. They must be reinforced with stressed metal reinforcement. Each type of lintel, be it a reinforced or slab reinforced concrete lintel, and standard size are designed for specific loads that the element must withstand. It is very important to strictly observe the permissible depth of the lintel support.

The size of the wall must necessarily correspond to the width of the window or doorway. For example, for an opening whose width starts from 1500 millimeters, the support depth should be about 125 millimeters. If the width is up to 1800 millimeters, the depth standard should be about 200 millimeters. If the width is from 1800 millimeters, the depth standard should be at least 250 millimeters.

Very often, the reason for the instability of a reinforced concrete lintel is the choice of the wrong type or violation of installation rules. If a defect was not discovered during the construction process and after its completion the facing masonry began to shift or cracks appeared on the walls, it means that a defect was made during the construction process. The concrete lintel for the load-bearing wall could not withstand the load.

Failure could also have occurred due to the weight of the lintel of the outer facing masonry. In the latter case, the defect can be corrected. To do this, it is necessary to dismantle the concrete masonry and make another lintel. But the first case cannot be corrected. The building needs to be rebuilt as it is unsafe for habitation.

Tips for making lintels

When creating reinforced concrete lintels, you must strictly follow the technology that we described above. But, in addition, it is necessary to pay attention to some subtleties and nuances of this work process:

1. Be sure to adhere to the dimensions of reinforced concrete lintels. The height of the concrete lintel should be no more than 1/20 of the length of the opening, and it is recommended to make the width the same as the width of the wall so that there are no extra ledges.
2. When making it yourself, the diameter of the reinforcing mesh should be 14 millimeters. Then the reinforced concrete belt will be quite strong.
3. It is recommended to remove the lower part of the formwork and the spacer after 25 days so that the concrete can finally strengthen.
4. It is advisable to use only purchased lintels or make them using formwork. This approach is more professional and reliable.
5. It is better to fill the lintel when its upper part is level with the top of the last brick, gas block, etc. that was placed. This method will allow you to continue laying without changes.
6. When you pour the mortar into the formwork, compact it well to avoid voids.
7. If you cannot decide on the type of lintel for your building, it is better to consult a professional.
8. Jumpers should be selected according to the type of gravity they can bear. You can fill them already in the opening. This approach will save your money and time.
9. When making reinforced concrete lintels for windows, it is advisable to make windows with a quarter.
10. For window and door openings, it is recommended to choose ordinary non-load-bearing lintels. To do this, it is necessary to prepare reinforced belts and structural elements of light weight in advance.

As you can see, making reinforced concrete lintels yourself is not at all difficult. In addition, you can choose one of the two production options described above. The main thing is to calculate in advance the amount of materials needed and prepare them. If you carefully follow construction technologies and standards, you will get a strong, reliable and durable lintel. We wish you to make a high-quality reinforced concrete lintel that will delight you for a long time!

Standard size range, weight and marking

The GOST dimensions of reinforced concrete lintels are as follows:

• length from 103 to 596 cm;
• height from 12 to 44 cm;
• width from 14 to 38 cm.

The weight of these structures directly depends on the dimensions and can range from 20 kilograms to 2 tons.

Reinforced concrete lintels are mounted on cement mortar. Cutting of these structures for the purpose of adjustment is not permitted. If the wall thickness is large, the opening is covered with several timber lintels, laying them parallel to one another.

Special markings help you understand the wide range of these products. It consists of three groups of alphanumeric symbols separated by a dash.

The first digit indicates the GOST number of the section. It is followed by two letters indicating the type of jumper and two numbers of its length (in decimeters). The second group of numbers contains information about the design load in kN/m. The third group of marking symbols is service and contains data on the degree of concrete density, the presence of mounting loops, the degree of seismic resistance or the class of reinforcement.

For example, let’s decipher the standard designation of a reinforced concrete jumper: 2PB22-3-p:

• 2 — section number (indicated in the GOST table);
• PB – bar lintel;
• 22 – length in decimeters (220 cm);
• 3 – bearing capacity (design load, 3 kN/m);
• p – the product has mounting loops.

To increase the load-bearing capacity of lintels, prestressed reinforcement is used. Such structures can be distinguished by the type of reinforcement indicated at the end of the marking. For example, 5PB21-27-AtV. In this case, AtV is a type of prestressed reinforcement.

Marking

The designation of reinforced concrete products encodes the main parameters of the products. So, from the markings you can know:

• standard size, which allows you to decipher what dimensions the beam is characterized by;
• product designation according to classification;
• length - if the value of this parameter is not an integer, it is rounded to the nearest integer number of decimeters;
• design load (kN/m);
• characteristics of fittings;
• information about sling elements or holes;
• possibility of using beams in special conditions.

Reinforced concrete products are marked as follows (example): 2PB 10-1-p. From the designation you can find out that the beam in question belongs to timber products, characterized by section No. 2, which corresponds to 120x140 mm. Its length is 10 dm, but this is a rounded value, more accurate - 1030 mm. The design load on the lintel is 1 kN/m; the design includes sling loops.

Approximate prices and selection features

The most popular length of lintels used in residential construction is from 1.2 to 2.2 meters. The estimated cost of slab-type structures (width 38 cm) ranges from 600 to 4000 rubles. Bar lintels of similar length can be purchased at prices ranging from 250 to 1,700 rubles per piece, depending on the selected width and height.

When choosing the type of lintel above the windows, do not forget that slab lintels can only be installed in a non-load-bearing wall (on which the floor slabs do not rest). Bars can be installed in any type of enclosing structures (non-load-bearing and non-load-bearing).

The width of all manufactured reinforced concrete lintels is a multiple of the width of the masonry. Thanks to this, they are easy to choose for any object. For example, for partitions with a thickness of half a brick (12 cm) and one brick (25 cm), there are more than three dozen standard sizes of products ranging from 1 to 6 meters in length on the market. For thicker walls (1.5 bricks or more), the industry produces slab lintels.

For installation in non-load-bearing walls, it is more profitable to use slab lintels, because their width is equal to the width of the wall. In this case, you will have to use several pieces of timber beams.

When purchasing, you must take into account the support of the lintels on the wall - the main criterion for the reliability of the ceiling. If the area of ​​the supporting part turns out to be less than the standard, then destruction of the material on which this structure rests may occur. To restore the load-bearing capacity of the pier, you will have to do the labor-intensive dismantling of the lintel, dismantling and re-laying the destroyed area.

In general, for a load-bearing brick or aerated concrete wall, the depth of embedding (support) of the lintel should be at least 25 cm. For a self-supporting wall, the size of its supporting part can be reduced to 12 cm. The lintel above the doorway should extend its ends onto the wall no less than 20 cm.

The height of the lintel is selected based on the calculated load on the opening. The developer does not need to perform complex strength calculations, since the full specification of these structures, indicating the dimensions, is contained in the design documentation. During independent construction, you should not engage in amateur activities with the selection of jumpers. It is better to contact the designers for advice.

The technology for installing lintels over openings is determined by the type of wall (load-bearing or non-load-bearing). In the first case, a powerful reinforced concrete beam is placed under the slab. Two other smaller sections are placed in the middle of the wall. The outer one goes down one row of bricks, forming a quarter.

In a non-load-bearing wall, the lintels are the same size. The outer one is lowered by a quarter, and the rest are placed at the same level.

Strengthening openings in frame buildings

When installing jumpers of any type, it is important to be able to properly prepare the shoulders on which they rest. As a rule, wood, solid brick or grade 300 cement mortar are used for this.

If the opening exceeds the width of five times the distance between the posts, the verticals closest to it should be double. The internal pair is connected to each other by a horizontal jumper, and the external one is the same, but higher by half the height of the opening. The space between two horizontal crossbars is filled with a diagonal stiffening mesh based on the principle of floor trusses.

The linear dimensions of the jumper are also important. Its width is determined by the thickness of the wall, its height by the required load-bearing capacity. The length of the lintel corresponds to the width of the opening plus twice the depth: from 10 cm for brick walls and up to 30 cm for loose porous blocks.

In the lower part of the opening along the plane of each wall, two pieces of corner steel with dimensions of at least 50x50x4.5 mm must be laid. They need to be inserted into the wall at least 50 mm on each side. Vertical side corner covers are inserted between the lower and upper corners. They are usually chosen to be equivalent in size to the top frame.

Reinforced concrete lintels are products made of concrete and reinforcing steel, which are fully used in the construction of buildings of any type. Their direct purpose is to cover openings in walls (for example, for doorways or windows) to transfer the weight of the structure onto them. Additionally, they can be used in the construction of any object where it is possible to use them (fences, fences, frames, etc.).

The installation of reinforced concrete lintels is carried out strictly after masonry using a water level to ensure correct installation. Each type of jumper has its own installation system:

Work order

• A wooden shield is knocked down from the boards, which will be held on by self-tapping screws, then thick reinforcement is placed inside the wooden shield; it will be needed to give rigidity to the structure.

Installation and design of the jumper

To ensure that the wooden panel does not go anywhere when pouring the lintel, it can be screwed with wire to the masonry mesh if the building is made of brick.

• Jumpers for window openings must be insulated. It is better to lay insulation immediately, otherwise the windows may begin to freeze. For this purpose, you can use mineral wool, glass wool or other insulation that is not afraid of the environment and cannot ignite.
• After this, the resulting structure can be filled with concrete. It will need to be allowed to dry: this usually takes several days. Once the formwork has been removed and the lintel is ready, construction can continue.

What is it used for?

Masonry over openings of various types experience strong pressure not only during the construction of the structure, but also during subsequent operation. Usually, in order to evenly distribute the load on door or other openings, reinforcing bars are installed using a wall chaser, but only so that the bar fits into the groove. The latter is filled with the mixture, and a rod is placed inside the groove, but in such a way that its end sticks out no more than 30 centimeters.

Wooden frames for doors and other types of openings in aerated concrete buildings are made without grooves. After the bars of the required dimensions have been made, the grooves are laid out, as well as the quarters. At the ends of the timber, holes are made in the shape of tenons. Then all this is collected in a box. Quite often the beam at the bottom is made solid, without holes.

The process of building doors is largely dependent on the lintels used. If it is necessary to use boxes for unusual openings, then they are placed in the opening and secured with bolts or nails. The seams of the box are treated with either foam or mineral wool. Installing products above door or window openings is a rather complex process that requires you to be careful and collected. It is also important to observe all the subtleties of the technological process.

see also

Comments 50

Thanks for the link.

Please. A person has enough strength to answer all the questions asked about GB (within reasonable limits, of course).

Yes, I see that you are a consumer!;-D

The downside is that I don’t like the service life of the blocks themselves. It’s very short :-( Yes, the brick is cold.

Please link to studies on the short service life of autoclave GB. Chat with Gleb Grinfeld (executive director of the National Association of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Manufacturers), he still has experience and his own books on GB. www.forumhouse.ru/threads/298788/ Please note that I am not a seller of GB, I use it as a building material for my own home.

I also made lintels in my house. And they put jumpers on the corners and fittings. Even if you tell the owner how to do it correctly, guest workers refuse to do this

Moreover, they persuade the owners to do as they want. You need to talk to jamshuts like this - single out one commander with whom you communicate (often this is the eldest in age), don’t listen to the rest - they’ll sit on your ears and won’t work.

They refused to pour it for my neighbor, they put it on the corners. Yes, and bent walls too. I did it for him. And this team has already installed about a dozen houses in our village. What can we say about the quality

We have a new village, everything is being built at the same time, I’ve seen enough of the super-crews and the cracks in the new houses.

similar. It’s also a new village. The houses aren’t even 10 years old.

Our oldest houses are hardly 3-4 years old.

If you do, then it’s a family nest;-) With a brick guarantee of 200 years or more.

Brick over 200 years old and more!:-D

I won’t try to convince you otherwise, just look on the Internet for such an indicator as the frost resistance cycles of bricks and dispel your misconceptions. Masonry from F15 to F50 (freeze/thaw cycles), mostly F35, as well as autoclaved GB.

Like timber. The service life of wood is 70 years:-(

It’s just a shame that these blocks have a short service life :-( It’s a pity to throw away millions for 50 years. In 200 years, all that will be left of these blocks is dust! :/

My box with a foundation, a ceiling, an integrated heating system, basic utilities and sewerage, a roof without finishing the walls so far costs less than 1.5 lamas, which can never be achieved with a brick building, I’m generally silent about the heat loss of a brick building.

You build for yourself. -D But it’s not scary (+ resentment) that so much time and money spent will only last for 50-70 years:/

No, not for myself. Children, grandchildren. Doesn't scare me. The absence of life after death, corrosion of a car body, wear and tear of pants, deforestation, GMO products, ozone holes can also be frightening...

All sorts of things, not without it.

I understand that you are building with 1 helmet. -(

Yes, one and a half helmets (one day a week my 12-year-old son helps at a construction site, while he’s studying). For heavy work - pouring concrete for the UWP, floors, I asked a relative to help.

I wish you more time and a lot of effort. I know what it is! Good luck.

Thank you! There really isn't enough time. Construction is carried out without interruption from the main work.

True, the price of 1 brick is 100 rubles:/

Not a bad scale!;-) How to heat with a coal-fired boiler with automatic equipment? :-D And the service life of the house is 50 years:-(brick is better!;-) There is a brick block in the 1st brick of 14 bricks!:-D I dream of something like this build;-)

GB is fragile, but it is a large item. That’s why I chose it for construction (I build it myself, without hiring workers). The service life of a house made of GB is 75 years, brick is 100 years. In Riga there are unfinished GB houses built in the 30s (we draw our own conclusions). Heating is gas, and later it is planned to add a heat accumulator and add a geothermal circuit. It is possible to use helopanels in place of the geothermal circuit, but this is already exotic.

How many floors and total area? -)

There will be 2 full floors, often ribbed ceilings, roofing with soft tiles. The building area is 125 m2, the total area of ​​the house is about 220 m2.

Purely out of curiosity... I understand how they were made above the window openings. What about the doors? How is the bottom row (the one supported by the board) held?

Due to adhesion to concrete (believe me, you can’t tear it off with your teeth without completely destroying the GB block).

Mmmmmmmmmm... If I didn’t see it, I wouldn’t believe it! Noted, thank you. Cool!

Good masonry. Everything is very neat.

Thank you. The seams were additionally passed to reduce the blowing factor of the masonry.

What kind of covering is planned?

I saw it, it’s interesting... But I’m also interested - is it possible to put channels or beams or will it be a collective farm?

Do you mean resting the GB blocks on the corners above the window? It’s possible, you just need to recess the sides a little into the walls. Disadvantages - it does not protect against cracking in loaded areas, it is quite difficult to finish, you need to make sure that the floor beam does not rest on such a lintel (if the building is being built without an armored belt, the brick belt is not an armored belt). Pros: speed of construction.

I meant about the overlap... I’ll probably create a separate thread

Metal floors have low fire resistance ratings (no matter how strange it may sound). Even a wooden floor resists fire for up to 20 minutes. I can't advise.

I found something similar - www.kolumb.ru/smp-prosto.php how would you rate it?

Prefabricated monolithic floors from Itong, Columbus, etc. They have every right to life. However, their cost stops them. Look at this option, designed back in the distant Soviet times (sheet 1): www.forumhouse.ru/entries/comments/4224/ You may be interested. The difference with the ceiling that I poured is that the fillers (GB blocks) are simply buried in the body of the ceiling, so you only have to fill in the load-bearing beams, as well as the reinforced belt along the load-bearing walls. By the way, pay attention to the test data - it was not possible to squeeze one block out of the ceiling even with a load of 5 tons on it, such is the adhesion force of concrete and GB.

Fine! Most people do this!

I don’t argue, but in more than 40 houses around us there is only one with similar jumpers, and those factory-made, U-blocks, which cost much more.

We also rarely use U-blocks, and rarely lay the blocks on the bottom of the boards, like yours. Usually they put up sidewalls from partition walls, tied them together with anchors or just scraps of reinforcement, with frames and concrete inside. But yours looks prettier and nicer. Good luck!

Thank you, the design you described has its own nuance - freezing above the window lintel, because... the window profile does not provide a sufficiently high thermal resistance.

This is if you just plaster it - I mean the slope.

Apparently I didn’t quite understand the description of the jumper pie. I can't say anything without a cut.

Conclusion

Bar lintels - according to GOST they must be made of high-strength reinforced concrete - are a mandatory structural element of almost any window opening.

Of course, as we already noted in the article, such a part can be made independently, but if finances allow, then it is better to use a factory product. At least you will be confident in its mechanical properties, and therefore in the reliability of your windows and doors. The video in this article, in addition to the above, will show some nuances on this issue, watch it!