Human nature is indestructible: some are looking for a “freebie”, others are trying to slip a beautiful candy wrapper with “slag” inside under the guise of candy. Our portal has already described ways to deceive consumers when ordering suspended ceilings. It turned out that this is also possible when installing plastic windows. An unenlightened customer may think that this is impossible - all windows consist of glass and profiles. At the same time, plastic profiles from all manufacturers are made of the same material - polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and the assembled windows look almost the same.
The difference begins to appear after a few years (sometimes within a year), when the frame and sashes become deformed - they are difficult to open and close, there is wind from the street, condensation appears between the glass panes, and then black mold.
Therefore, it is very important to know the criteria to avoid fakes when choosing a profile for plastic windows.
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Which profile of plastic windows is better?
To understand the subtle nuances of the assessment, we had to study a considerable amount of informational texts, a huge number of all kinds of amateur and professional reviews, and conduct a small amount of our own research.
The product, about which so many copies have been described, is in fact the most ordinary plastic stick, but, however, with a complex surface and internal structure. To give strength, there is a metal insert made of galvanized steel inside the profile, and internal plastic partitions create air chambers that ensure heat conservation. All. It seems, what is there to argue about? Steel will remain steel no matter what is done to it, and the plastic used by all companies is the same - polyvinyl chloride (PVC). It follows that the window profile of any production must be of the same quality. Is it so? And how do you choose the best from what is identical by definition?
How to choose?
The characteristics of plastic windows must correspond to the operating conditions. The quality of each design element plays a big role.
Profile classes
The supporting structure of a window with partitions inside, installed around the perimeter, is called a profile, which is divided into classes:
- Class A is characterized by excellent heat and sound insulation properties. The outer walls have a thickness of at least 2.8 mm, the inner ones - from 2.5 mm.
- Class B profile has outer walls with a thickness of 2.5 mm, and internal walls from 2 mm. Suitable for installation in non-residential buildings. The level of heat and noise insulation is low.
- Class C products are produced without special requirements for standards.
Profile width
To retain heat and protect against noise, a profile width of 58 to 70 mm is sufficient. Wider products are intended for northern regions or very noisy areas.
Air chambers
There are air chambers inside the profile to protect against the penetration of cold air and noise into the room. Three-chamber products are installed in a quiet courtyard or on the south side. Five chambers are used for installation on the north side of the building and for protection from a noisy route.
Double-glazed windows
A double-glazed window is a module of hermetically connected glass. The space between them is called chambers. The most popular is a double-glazed window. Single-chamber ones are installed on loggias and in outbuildings. For cold regions, three- and four-chamber double-glazed windows are needed.
Glass can be ordinary, reflect infrared rays, or have fire-resistant properties.
Glass laminated with triplex has shockproof characteristics and does not break into fragments.
Seals
Premium windows have seals made of silicone and natural rubber. After long-term use, they do not deform and provide reliable tightness. Rubber-plastic products belong to the budget segment and are not so durable.
Reinforcing insert
Even the highest quality plastic can be deformed. To compensate for this shortcoming, a metal reinforcing liner is inserted into the main chamber of the PVC profile.
The U-shaped or L-shaped reinforcing insert is made of ST 2 or ST 3 stainless steel with a thickness of 1.2 mm, 1.5 mm, 2 mm. The metal is coated with a layer of zinc of at least 8 microns.
Reinforcing U-shaped profile
Criteria for choosing a profile
Country of origin of the profile
Any company that recycles a window profile indicates its origin. At the same time, you can very often find the word “German” in the descriptive part. We recommend that you clarify what is meant by this word, because... Sellers like to use it to justify the high price of a finished window. The lion's share of this profile is produced in Russia using German technology. In this case, relatively cheap energy resources and labor are used, therefore, the cost of the product should differ from the profile produced in Germany.
Number of thermal insulation chambers
Of course, the most important criterion. It is believed that the more chambers, the better the thermal insulation. However, do not forget that an excessively large number of chambers can lead to the fact that the thermal conductivity coefficient can, on the contrary, increase due to the plastic partitions, which will act as a cooling radiator. Therefore, we definitely pay attention to the following criterion.
Profile width
When choosing a profile for a living room, it is better not to skimp on this parameter. Everything is simple here, the wider, the warmer. It is only worth noting that small-chamber wide profiles can be easily deformed, because have few stiffeners.
Number of double-glazed window chambers
We advise you to choose only two-chamber ones, even for glazing loggias - do not forget, the miser pays twice. However, choosing a double-glazed window is a topic for a separate article.
Reinforcing steel insert
It comes with an open or solid contour. If there are no restrictions on strength, then we advise you to choose an open one, it is warmer.
ISO 9001 Certificate
Provides a guarantee of control over the production of window profiles according to the quality management system.
What is the difference between a profile for a dacha and an apartment?
Rehau - for apartments and balconies
Windows from this manufacturer are suitable for apartments, private houses and loggias. We recommend for children's rooms and kitchens. For country houses or for an apartment for rent, it is better to consider cheaper options.
KBE - universal
Suitable for glazing apartments, cottages, gazebos, offices and loggias. A profile in the middle price segment, which can be called absolutely universal. In an apartment we install a s/package with three glasses, in a dacha (balcony or office) with a s/package with two glasses.
Salamander - for apartments and cottages
For glazing of apartments, cottages, loggias. A wide profile with a two-chamber energy-saving package is suitable for rooms where it is necessary to retain heat as much as possible in winter. The snow-white color and beautiful profile fits very nicely with any color of the facade in private homes.
Dexen - for the balcony and dacha
Budget profile for loggias without insulation, for summer houses, country houses, verandas and other unheated rooms in winter. Suitable for glazing offices and making office partitions. The profile allows you to replace the glazing in a rental apartment as cost-effectively as possible.
We recommend the article: “Choosing plastic windows for your dacha”
The best PVC window profiles according to the “Price Expert”
| Window profile name | Price, rub/per window 1470x1420 | Peculiarities |
| VEKA | 9500 | Bestseller. The profile is in the top 3 of most ratings |
| REHAU | 9500 | |
| KBE | 7700 | |
| SALAMANDER | 26000 | The profile has proven itself in the market. Constantly ranked in the top 10 of most ratings. |
| MONTBLANC | 7800 | |
| Kaleva | 10000 | |
| Proplex | 8800 | |
| Deceuninck | 10600 | Known profiles. Sometimes they get into the top 10 |
Features of manufacturing PVC products
One of the activities of our company is the production of PVC windows. Our production facilities are equipped with high-tech and modern foreign equipment, including fitting machines, profile forming machines, painting machines and other equipment. Each window produced is strictly controlled by our specialists, so you can be absolutely sure of the highest quality of each product.
Window installation
Average companies with ambitions
Why in our rating: These PVC windows are constantly popular, often making it into the top ten according to professionals.
SALAMANDER profile Türkheim, Germany
Photo: www.domovladelets.ru
The average price in the Russian Federation for windows measuring 1470x1420 from a profile 76 mm thick: 26,000 rubles
The products of SALAMANDER Industrie-Produkte GmbH are classified by us as “average” only in terms of “sales level in Russia”. Salamander Industrie is a German corporation that has several factories in Europe, including one in Belarus, in Brest. According to the manufacturer, the entire SALAMANDER profile is produced exclusively in Germany, and the BRÜGMANN profile is produced at its other enterprises. The author had the opportunity to personally verify the validity of such a statement when visiting a plant in the Republic of Belarus.
The company produces the following profile systems:
- Design 2D - 3 (4) cameras, width 60 mm
- Design 3D - 4 (5) cameras, width 76 mm
- Streamline - 5 cameras, width 76 mm
Pros:
- External surface quality
- Design
- You can hope for European quality control
- Control of dealers by the manufacturer
Minuses:
- Price
Typical reviews about SALAMANDER windows: “Salamander profiles are a proven option” “Salamander is a serious device, no complaints”
Profile Mont Blanc, Elektrostal
Photo: vashiokna-dv.ru
The average price in the Russian Federation for windows measuring 1470x1420 from a profile 70 mm thick: 7800 rubles
The international company STL-Extrusion, which has four factories in the CIS, is engaged in the production of the Mont Blanc profile. Over the thirteen years of production, the MONTBLANC profile has become a fairly well-known brand, and the company has acquired an extensive dealer network. There are currently seven product lines available for purchase:
- TERMO 60 – 5 chambers, width 60 mm
- QUADRO 70 – 4 chambers, width 70 mm
- NORD 70 - 5 chambers, width 70 mm
- LOGIC - 3 cameras, width 58 mm
- GRAND 80 - 6 chambers, width 80 mm
- ECO 60 – 3 chambers, width 60 mm
- CITY 120 – 5 chambers, width 120 mm
The profile produced in Mogilev is ISO certified. There is no information about the certification of products from other enterprises of the company.
Pros:
- Quality
- Large selection of profile options
- Democratic price
Minuses:
- Lack of ISO certification at Russian factories
Typical reviews about Mont Blanc windows: “A good profile on the Russian market is not uncommon. But cheap and high quality - this is a rarity... We are happy with everything" "... they keep the heat great"
Profile Kaleva Moscow
Photo: www.okna-kaleva.ru
The average price in the Russian Federation for windows measuring 1470x1420 from a profile 70 mm thick: 10,000 rubles
The Kaleva company is engaged in the production of window blocks. The profile is produced independently. Reviews from professionals are more neutral than negative. Users are often captivated by the appearance of the profile - Muscovites did a good job on the design. The company has two classical-style profile systems and three designer ones:
- Kaleva Standard - 4 chambers, width 70 mm
- Kaleva Vita - 4 chambers, width 70 mm
- Kaleva Design - 4 chambers, width 70 mm
- Kaleva Design+ - 4(5) cameras, width 70 mm
- Kaleva Deco - 5(6) chambers, width 70 mm
Pros:
- Appearance
- Full production cycle
Typical reviews about Kaleva windows: “...in general it will work” “In general, we are very happy with the windows”
Profile Proplex Podolsk
Photo: odf.ru
The average price in the Russian Federation for windows measuring 1470x1420 from a profile 70 mm thick: 8800 rubles
Proplex is a Russian company that is making significant efforts to modernize production and introduce new window systems. Just a few years ago, it was a small company manufacturing windows from someone else’s profiles, but now the company has created a full production cycle. Innovative window systems were created together with well-known Austrian developers with extensive experience in the design of thermal insulation systems. Proplex offers the following types of profiles:
PROPLEX-Optima - 3 chambers, width 58 mm PROPLEX-Optima - 3 chambers, width 58 mm PROPLEX-BALCONY - 3 chambers, width 46 mm PROPLEX-Comfort - 4 chambers, width 70 mm PROPLEX-Premium - 5 chambers, width 70 mm PROPLEX-Lux - 5 chambers, width 127 mm
Pros:
- Price
Minuses:
- Lack of international certification
- The presence of obsolete systems in the line
Typical reviews about Proplex windows: “For a window 110mm x 150mm they paid about 7 thousand rubles. Reasonable price” “I listened to the opinion of a specialist and I don’t regret it. Everything is great"
Video description
In this video, watch a review of the Salamander Streamline profile:
- Stylish and sophisticated appearance. Such windows will be an excellent decoration for almost any room.
- There is specialized control of dealers.
We will certainly note the presence of a minus. The price of such windows is 34-41% higher than that of other manufacturers.
KBE
The German company has won special recognition in our market. There are also factories in Russia that create profiles. There are standard models with a profile width of 59 mm, 71 mm, 89 mm, 128 mm.
Positive characteristics:
- high-level quality guarantees a long service life;
- affordability;
- wide variety of models.
Each buyer will be able to find a model that will suit his needs and financial capabilities.
MONT BLANC
Budget, but very high-quality products, which are known very well to Russian buyers. At the current time, a line of seven different types of profiles up to 120 mm is offered. There are three-chamber and five-chamber options.
Main advantages:
- affordable cost;
- high performance;
- a fairly wide range of various products for any conditions and climatic features.
Eurowindow manufacturing companies periodically included in the top 10 ratings
Why in our rating: these plastic windows are worthy of attention.
Profile Deceuninck Belgium, branch - Protvino
Photo: www.isskur.ru
The average price in the Russian Federation for windows measuring 1470x1420 from a profile 71 mm thick: 10,600 rubles
The Belgian concern The Deceuninck Group (Deceuninck Group) releases its own profile in the Moscow region. The production is not certified, which is strange, because all of the company’s European factories are ISO certified. Whether this is due to unstable quality or whether management simply hasn’t gotten around to it yet is unknown. The profile “collected” the usual ratio of both positive and negative reviews. Product line:
- Forward - 3 cameras, width 60 mm
- Bautek - 3 chambers, width 71 mm
- Favorite - 5 cameras, width 71 mm
- Favorite Space - 6 cameras, width 76 mm
- Eforte - 6 chambers, width 84 mm
Pros:
- Availability of several highly efficient systems
- Quality
Minuses:
- High cost of outdated modifications
Typical reviews about Deceuninck windows: “Deceuninck profiles are very reliable, retain heat well” “The windows withstood the winter tests perfectly”
Profile SOK Syzran
Photo: www.okna-modern.ru
Average price in the Russian Federation for windows measuring 1470x1420 from a profile 72 mm thick: 11,900 rubles
Included in the list as a permanent figure in Internet ratings. From the information gleaned from the website of the company SOK (Samara Window Constructions) you can easily find out that the company does not have its own production of window profiles. The “branded” profile is manufactured at the Profine concern plant (see KBE). This means that the profile is produced in accordance with international requirements and is ISO certified, which is not bad. But the question immediately arises about the high cost of windows made from this profile, the price of which is significantly higher than KBE windows. The choice of configurations is very small, only two types:
- Corporate profile SOK-470 - 4 chambers, width 62 mm
- Corporate profile SOK-570 - 5 chambers, width 72 mm
pros:
- quality
- unique camera arrangement
Minuses:
- inflated cost of finished products
- small selection
Typical reviews about SOK windows: “SOK is a normal profile, no better and no worse than many” “I liked the profile, simple and strong”
Video description
See this video about windows made from cheap profiles:
Profile stiffness
The parameter from which to base your choice. Polyvinyl chloride has high strength parameters, but to increase the rigidity of the frame, manufacturing plants use a process of reinforcement with metal elements. The main materials for reinforcement are aluminum or steel. The higher the profile rigidity parameters, the more significant the dimensions of the window itself can be made without losing the strength value.
Rigidity is formed on the basis of two parameters - the quality of the PVC material itself, as well as the presence of metal reinforcing elements that are located inside the profile itself. Additionally, PVC is supplied with stabilizers, fillers, and modifiers. Based on such additives, it is possible to obtain increased strength parameters of the base material.
Functionality of metal inserts inside the profile:
- Metal elements can become the basis for the high rigidity of a window block. Thanks to this parameter, you can ultimately achieve increased reliability, strength, and durability.
Metal elements in the window profile Source stroy-okey.ru
- The presence of metal tabs in the window structure is the basis for the production of blocks of significant sizes. In the absence of such tabs, large windows would be extremely fragile and, after just a few months of use, the windows would be seriously deformed.
- Ensuring protection of the structure from deformation as a result of heating in the sun. In the summer, the heating of windows can be quite significant, especially on the upper floors. Often, it is due to heating that deformation changes in the structure and the formation of cracks occur. To prevent such negative consequences, manufacturers equip the structure with metal parts, thus increasing resistance to deformation under the influence of ultraviolet rays.
- The sashes do not sag during operation, as a clear fixation of the geometry of the window structure is formed.
If we take the German RAL standard as an example, we can see that the profile thickness is at least 4 mm. Such products will be distinguished not only by increased quality parameters, but also by increased rigidity, which will become the basis for maintaining the ideal shapes of the window block.
With the correct assessment of the parameters, making a choice is quite easy Source pvb.com.ua
Now it becomes clear how to choose a profile for plastic windows and what parameters you should focus on. When purchasing a window structure, you should be careful: check everything, calculate it and evaluate it correctly. Then it will be possible to find options that ideally suit specific requirements and modern needs.
Which plastic windows are still better to install?
And in the end, the main thing is that a careless window manufacturer or a handsless installer can turn the best profile into disgusting trash. Therefore, before ordering windows, consult with neighbors, friends or just acquaintances who have already contacted the company you have chosen. Remember that a profile is just a piece of plastic, which, although it is an important component of a window unit, its choice must still be justified in combination with such factors as reliable fittings, a good double-glazed window and the conscientiousness of the craftsmen.
Basic elements of window structures
In the manufacture of plastic windows, durable and strong materials are used, in contrast to classic wood products.
The main element of modern construction is a polyvinyl chloride profile. In addition, an integral part of each window is a double-glazed window, steel or aluminum fittings, rubberized seals, and plastic handles. All these high-quality components make the finished product incredibly durable, capable of protecting your home from bad weather for many years. Turnkey PVC windows
Proplex
The price for a double-leaf window starts from 8,503 rubles. Profiles are manufactured in the Moscow region using Austrian technologies, and raw materials are supplied from the United States and Europe. Proplex windows are considered a budget option, but they are so good that they can withstand even Siberian frost. These PVC windows are of very good quality - they do not crack or turn yellow even after a long time. The only negative is the fittings - users mostly speak negatively about them.
Salamander
The TOP 5 rating of profiles for plastic windows in 2022 is opened by one of the most expensive brands in the rating. The company has three different systems in its range: Salamnder 2d/Streamline/BlueEvolution. The most budget option is considered to be a three-chamber 2D with the possibility of reinforcing the internal chambers with steel. The wall thickness of Salamander 2D is: outer 3mm, rebated 2.5m, and inner 1mm - this provides good noise reduction (up to 46dB) and high energy efficiency class A+. This model is designed for installation of single-glazed windows. Salamander BlueEvolution is the next model recommended for installation in any region of Russia. BlueEvolution is the only profile available on the Russian market (meaning at a reasonable price) with a maximum width of the built-in double-glazed window - 60mm (if desired, you can install a three-chamber double-glazed window). Salander BlueEvolution is ideal for the continental climate of Russia: it protects from heavy rains, effectively maintains the temperature even at -40 degrees, and reliably resists drafts, thanks to the elastic rubber seal.
4th place in the rating of PVC window profiles belongs to the German manufacturer KBE. The names of the KBE rulers are banally simple and depend on the profile width: KBE 58/70/76/88. As anyone who plans to replace windows should know, the wider the system, the more chambers it has, which means that the heat-saving indicators of such a design are obviously high.
The optimal option for installation is the KBE76MD model - this is a six-chamber design made using greenline lead-free technology from recycled polyvinyl chloride. Recycling PVC allows you to “kill” two birds with one stone: recycle PVC waste and save on the cost of raw materials, which directly affects the retail price of the product.
The most important thing in greenline technology from KBE is the complete preservation of the physical and mechanical properties of the material, that is, primary processed raw materials are no different from recycled materials. The best product from KBE is considered to be the 88 mm KBE AD made using greenline technology: this model has an outer wall thickness of 3 mm and 6 independent air compartments inside with the possibility of aluminum reinforcement - all this provides an absolutely high level of thermal efficiency and noise reduction.
The bronze medalist in the ranking of the best PVC window profiles goes to VEKA. VEKA offers 8 class A models with an outer wall thickness of 3mm. The most economical solution is VEKO Euroline: a design with three air chambers designed for glass units up to 24 mm (usually two glasses - one chamber), the sashes and frames of which can be reinforced for greater system reliability.
The optimal solution in terms of price and quality for offices and apartments will be the energy-efficient A++ class VEKO Swingline series: 5 independent air chambers with an outer wall thickness of 3 mm will ensure warmth and comfort in the room even on harsh winter evenings. The most expensive and massive specimen is VEKO Alphaline. This model is equipped with six air compartments with a total width of 90mm - these are the most heat-saving windows from VEKO in which you can install double-glazed windows up to 50mm thick (3 glasses) and enjoy peace and comfort all year round.
Related article: Wooden terrace windows for summer cottages
WDS ranks second among the best profiles for plastic windows in 2022. The manufacturer has several product lines in its assortment, each of which differs in noise reduction coefficient, heat saving and the number of cameras: WDS 400/500, WDS 4/7/8 Series. The optimal price-quality ratio is the Class A 60mm WDS4 model, equipped with 4 independent air chambers and the possibility of aluminum reinforcement up to 1.5mm. For northern latitudes, it recommends installation of the WDS8 series: a six-chamber metal-plastic profile with the ability to install a two-chamber double-glazed window up to 44 wide - this model retains heat 2.5 times more efficiently than the WDS400/4Series.
Kaleva
The seventh place in the ranking of PVC window profiles is occupied by the Kaleva brand. The company produces a dozen different models, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages. The most inexpensive option with everything you need is Kaleva Standart - this is a four-chamber profile with the possibility of reinforcement with steel and a built-in double-glazed window filled with inert argon gas, which has very low thermal conductivity. The Kaleva Titan Plus five-chamber window system is the company’s most heat-saving and noise-reducing design. Feature of Titan Plus: in addition to the main two-chamber 40mm insulation package filled with argon, blinds and another external glass are built into the system - thus, this model provides a degree of insulation incomparable with other analogues, thanks to the insulation package with three independent air partitions, two of which are filled with argon.
Sealing rubber
Since the window structure is made of plastic, it is necessary to solve the problem of cracks through which cold, draft and dust can penetrate. It is also necessary to compensate for thermal expansion that occurs during heating or freezing.
Manufacturers use a sealing loop. It runs along the perimeter of the sash from the outside and inside. The double-circuit sealing system does not let cold into the room, and keeps heated air inside.
When the seal is selected and installed correctly, there will be no drafts in the room, and there will be no condensation on the window glass. Duration of use largely depends on the seal material. Among the popular ones:
- TRE. It is a thermoplastic commonly used to make inexpensive windows. Adheres tightly to the surface, durable, reliable. The lack of material is a strong reaction to heat. At elevated temperatures and direct exposure to ultraviolet radiation, its service life is greatly reduced. Therefore, an open sash with a sealing contour of this type should not be left open when the sun is shining on it.
- Silicone. Less common than thermoplastic. Does not change elasticity under the influence of temperatures, designed for long-term use. It is quite expensive and is less commonly found on sale than TPE.
- Ethylene propylene rubber. Marked as EPDM. More affordable than silicone, used for a long time, resistant to temperatures. During installation, you will have to abandon plans for independent replacement - it is not provided. You will need to call a professional for this task.
- Rubber. It is inexpensive and wears out slowly. Like thermoplastic, it should not be exposed to direct sunlight. Temperature changes also harm the material.
To find the best windows, you need to find a balance. Sometimes it happens that while using a durable seal, you can change the rubber or thermoplastic contour several times. As a result, you pay less at the start, but over the years of constant replacements a large sum accrues.
Dimensions of double-glazed windows
Durable sheet glass is installed in the window system. Speaking about thickness, there are two types:
- Thickness of individual glass. The standard value for an apartment is from 3 to 6 mm. There are also thicker varieties, but they are more expensive and unprofitable in the city.
- Total thickness of the glass unit. Depends on the parameters of the profile that was installed. Standard from 24 to 32 mm.
The total glazing area also changes. It is indicated in square meters.
Manufacturing glass over a large area is very expensive. Therefore, when the opening is large, compromise solutions are often used, such as installing a transom.
But if necessary, you can create a large panoramic window. It will give a beautiful view and let a lot of sunlight into the room.
Deceuninck
Deceuninck is ranked 9th in the ranking of PVC profiles. The Belgian company has been producing window blanks from polyvinyl chloride for about 40 years at production facilities located in Europe, Asia and North America. The flagship of all Deceuninck lines is the 84mm Eforte model. This system is recommended for installation even in the northern latitudes of Russia due to its high coefficient of thermal resistance - 1.1 m2*C/W. The service life of Eforte is 30-40 years, subject to a temperature range of -60 to +75 degrees Celsius.
Montblanc
The cost of turnkey work starts from 8,750 rubles. This company has the largest plant for the production of PVC profiles in the Russian Federation, the work of which is monitored by specialists from Austria. The company started operating in 2001. The company independently developed and implemented many types of profiles, from the standard with three to the latest with five chambers. Today the company creates a profile for the client, taking into account any wishes and requirements. Disadvantages include yellowing of the profile and poor quality of fittings.
Panorama
A double-leaf window will cost you from 7,433 rubles. Panorama has been working in this field for more than two decades; it is one of the very first window manufacturers. Over all these years, this company from St. Petersburg has glazed more than one and a half million square meters. The only drawback of this company is weak advertising; services are provided so unobtrusively that it is only with great difficulty that you can find answers to your questions.
REHAU
A regular double-leaf window will cost you 6,660 rubles. REHAU is a company from Germany that has been operating since 1969. Over the years of its work, the company has developed many profiles - from classics (three chambers) to ultra-modern six-chamber profiles. Windows are really high quality and durable, but the supplier and installer are unpredictable factors. And besides, who wants to overpay for an advertised brand?
