Anti-aircraft lights for smoke removal: review of popular models with photos

Purpose of skylights – solution to the problem of lighting industrial and public buildings of large area, for which insolation through windows, translucent wall filling, incl. fireproof transoms.

Due to their location and design, most skylights allow their inclusion in smoke protection systems for industrial buildings, industrial buildings and even residential buildings.

Rooflights in industrial buildings are needed to illuminate technological, machining, and assembly shops with large construction spans.

Benefits of using skylights and smoke hatches:

Efficient and uniform lighting.

The overhead light provides twice as much illumination as the side light. Since light penetrates into the room not 5-7 meters, as from a window, but covers almost every square meter of area, lighting costs are reduced. Daylight is also important for well-being and increased performance.

Natural ventilation.

Due to the influx of fresh air from outside, the building maintains a comfortable temperature. The costs of forced ventilation are reduced. If necessary, the hatch provides access to the roof.

Smoke removal.

The removal of smoke and heat in the event of a fire allows the use of evacuation routes and efficient work of the fire service. This saves people’s lives, property and the building itself from overheating and, as a result, collapse.

Possibility to simplify engineering systems of very large buildings.

Benefit from cost savings due to the ability to eliminate the use of air ducts.

Advantages of skylights

Purpose of the skylight

A skylight is a structure that is a light-transmitting element of one shape or another installed on a support of a certain height.

Rooflights are often used in the construction of production workshops

In simple terms, this is a skylight. This element performs several functions:

natural light (main purpose);
removal of polluted air (exhaust ventilation) or, conversely, ventilation (in summer);
smoke removal.

Dimensions

Dimensions determine the type and form of execution. They must be in harmony with the overall architecture of the structure and meet the load requirements. The price of installation and the lantern itself also depends on its size. On average, for example, a simple gable lantern measuring 3 by 6 meters will cost 50,000 rubles. Pyramidal, complex structures are much more expensive - the price can rise above 95,000 rubles per 1 meter.

Dimensions, calculations, and drawings can only be performed by an organization that has a license to conduct this type of construction work.

Standard sizes should not be considered a guide: this is always an individual order, depending on many initial components.

Advantages and disadvantages

Obviously, the windows made in the walls effectively illuminate only a small part of the room near the outer wall. At the same time, they can be blocked by trees, nearby buildings, or have a northern orientation, which significantly reduces the flow of natural light. Skylights work much more efficiently because they:

They are placed throughout the room.
Provide maximum illumination regardless of orientation to the cardinal points and time of day.
In principle, they cannot be blocked by anything. The only exception is snow, but the design of the lantern ensures that flakes are blown away even in light winds. If snow cover does form, it can easily be melted with a heat gun.

Illuminating a room with sufficient natural light has two positive effects:

Energy consumption for artificial lighting is reduced, which means money is saved.
People indoors are less tired of artificial lighting, which, unlike natural lighting, always has a negative effect on the eyes. This has a positive effect, firstly, on their health, and secondly, on labor productivity.

The lanterns are located at the very top, and this is where warm exhaust air and hot smoke rush as a result of convection. Thus, it is possible to significantly reduce the power of ventilation and smoke removal systems, and in some cases, do without them altogether.

At the same time, after installing the flashlight you need to be prepared for some undesirable moments:

A weak spot appears on the roof: the light-transmitting coating can be broken by large hail or a heavy object falling during a hurricane. True, at the present stage, sufficiently durable materials are used that can withstand such loads (armored glass, etc.).
Heat loss through the roof increases: even the most energy-saving types of transparent materials still have much greater thermal conductivity than a thick layer of mineral wool or foam plastic that would be in place of the lantern if it were not present.
For a high-quality and durable flashlight you will have to pay a significant amount.

Peculiarities

Rooflights are based on materials that ensure reliable and trouble-free operation.

The following features are typical for skylights:

Double-glazed windows are made of laminated tempered glass. For constant access to light, electric heating and glass cleaning systems are additionally installed.
The design provides a two-level moisture removal system. This allows you to reliably operate the lanterns in conditions of high humidity and regular precipitation.
Insulating glass units use sealants and sealants. They withstand temperature fluctuations in the range from -55 to +90°C, and eliminate the possibility of glass collapse.
The translucent panels are made using sun protection technology. This provides free access of light to the premises without heating and negative solar radiation.

Types of skylights

Lanterns can be classified according to a number of criteria.

Possibility of opening the sash

Based on this feature, lanterns are divided into:

Deaf. Such a lantern cannot be opened, so it can only perform one function - serve as a source of natural light.
Openable. As the name implies, the sash can be opened, thereby providing ventilation or smoke removal.

An opening skylight provides access to the roof.
The sash can be opened:

manually: using a long rod connected to it;
using an electric or pneumatic drive.

Modern motorized lanterns are equipped with sensors, thanks to which the opening automatically closes when precipitation appears and opens when smoke or high temperature is detected in the room.

There are automatically opening flashlights with batteries - they do not depend on the functionality of the electrical network.

Lantern shape in plan

The plan form can be:

round;
rectangular;
polygonal.

Light transmitting element material

Various types of glass are used (regular, triplex, etc.) and transparent polymers - organic glass, polycarbonate, a light-transmitting type of PVC, polyester, etc.

We will talk about the advantages and disadvantages of the most commonly used materials in the section on design.

Shape of the light transmitting element

The following options apply:

flat element;
gable;
in the form of a pyramid;
curvilinear: in the form of an arch or dome.

Curvilinear elements are made mainly from polymers. In this case, the plastic turns into a prestressed structure, making it much stronger.

The pyramidal structure with a large angle of inclination of the faces is less susceptible to hailstone impacts.

Pyramid skylight withstands hail and snowfalls well

Fire resistance

Rooflights, the light-transmitting elements of which are made of plexiglass, fiberglass and other polymer materials, can be used:

in buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance;
in premises of categories G and D, if the coating materials used belong to groups NG, G1, G2.

For the manufacture of fire-resistant (fire-resistant) lanterns, fire-resistant glass is used. When choosing such a product, you must be guided by the regulated fire resistance limit of the roof. Fire-resistant skylights are installed in shopping centers, swimming pools, gyms, and production workshops.

The fire resistance limit is standardized by loss:

load-bearing capacity R;
integrity E;
thermal insulation ability I.

Light lanterns are produced with REI fire resistance ratings of 30, 45, 60 minutes. These numbers mean after what time period the structure will cease to serve as a fire barrier.

Design

Lanterns are:

Pointed. They are similar in size to a regular window and are designed to illuminate a small area.
Tape. They are long and are installed along almost the entire roof. They are used in large buildings, such as hangars, warehouses, industrial workshops, and trade pavilions.

Strip-type skylights are used to illuminate large production areas

Frame and support material

These elements can be manufactured:

from steel profiles;
made of aluminum profiles - a more preferable option, since aluminum is corrosion resistant and weighs very little;
wooden blocks (used in very rare cases).

Availability of light-conducting shaft

Lanterns with such shafts are installed in rooms with false (suspended) ceilings. The shaft is a box with a mirror coating on the inside that runs through the ceiling.

Video: skylight made from double-glazed windows

Execution options

The design of skylights can be as follows:

The light-transmitting filling material is silicate glass, acrylic, polycarbonate. The filling can be transparent, matte, in different shades, the number of layers also varies.
The base material for spot and linear lights is metal (stainless or galvanized steel), fiberglass, wood.
The material of the frame, shutters of spotlights and linear lights is PVC, aluminum with thermal liners, wood. The frame of towering structures is most often made of aluminum; for large structures, a steel profile is additionally used.
The sash opening system is manual, mechanical, electronic (equipped with various sensors, remote control).

Structures can be supplied ready-made (of a certain shape and standard sizes) or developed according to an individual project.

Back

Rooflight design

Let's look at the design of a skylight using the following example:

In this design, the role of a light-transmitting element is played by a double-glazed window.

Here are the parts that make up the model with a double-glazed window as a light-transmitting element:

Double-glazed window.
Glass or support contour.
Nashchelnik.
Rubber sealing gasket.
Bolt.
Steel safety mesh (in case the glass breaks).
Seal.
Clamping element.
The element is persistent.
Mastic for sealing.
Screw.
Apron: prevents water from entering the joint between the glass and the roofing.
Waterproofing roll material.
Thermal insulator.
Vapor barrier film.

The opening lamps additionally have an opening mechanism.

Opening type skylights have opening mechanisms

How to calculate?

Accurate calculations are usually carried out by specialists from those companies that manufacture skylights. It is not yet possible to find a convenient online calculator to calculate the height and width yourself. Therefore, you will have to seek advice, but these expenses guarantee the avoidance of mistakes in the future.

What standards should you rely on:

the minimum height of the roof dome is considered to be 30 cm, the average is 60 cm, and the maximum is 80 cm;
the minimum area suitable for glazing is determined at 2 square meters, the maximum at 10;
the interior decoration of the glass requires materials whose light reflectance coefficient is 0.7;
a room that is below 7 m is in harmony with spot skylights, above 7 m - with strip lights;
each skylight requires space for service work, its minimum width is 1 m;
The size of the support glass is selected so that it rests on the load-bearing roofing elements on at least two sides.

And there are many such standards, which is why consultation with specialists and calculation work are mandatory. They will tell you whether a skylight, for example, 90x90, is appropriate, or whether the building requires other sizes and shapes.

Popular manufacturers

Convenient and reliable skylights are produced under the following brands:

Velux

A well-known company from Denmark, whose anti-aircraft lights belong to the elite category. We can say that the manufacturer specializes in the production of structures for private homes - lanterns for workshops or trade pavilions occupy a very small share of the assortment.

Velux skylights feature a futuristic design

Velux products are characterized by the following features:

compliance with the Russian climate;
the glass is insulated with polystyrene foam;
the frame is made of PVC profiles;
the light-transmitting element is made of triplex or plexiglass (can be ordered in a matte finish);
a pleated curtain is optionally installed;
The lantern has a futuristic design and resembles a UFO saucer.

Also, the flashlights of this manufacturer are distinguished by their high cost:

a blind model measuring 60x60 cm costs 15 thousand rubles, an opening model costs 45 thousand rubles;
the same size 1x1 m - 20.6 thousand rubles. and 51.3 thousand rubles;
the largest model measuring 1.2 x 1.2 m costs 24.6 thousand rubles. (in a deaf version) and 56 thousand rubles. (opening version).

The cheapest pleated curtain costs 9 thousand rubles.

Caoduro

Another giant of the glazing industry, this time from Italy. It was this company that was engaged in the manufacture of transparent roofs of the Expo Center located on Krasnaya Presnya, the Domodedovo Aerohotel, the Molodezhnaya Hotel and a number of other famous buildings in Moscow and other cities.

This manufacturer produces both spotlights and strip skylights. They can be equipped with photocells (solar batteries) that ensure autonomous operation of the electric opening drive. Sensors are widely used, the signal from which automatically opens or closes the lantern depending on weather conditions or the presence of smoke inside the room.

The Caoduro company produces single-layer, double-layer and three-layer structures, which allows you to install lanterns in places with a wide variety of climatic conditions

The sizes of spotlights vary from 45x45 cm to 2x2 m; the light-transmitting element is made of polycarbonate or polymethyl methacrylate.

The CaoDuro company is also a developer of innovative technologies in this area. Its engineers managed to create a dome 8 m in diameter, made entirely of transparent material, that is, without the use of supporting profiles (self-supporting structure). Moreover, such a design can be either single-layer or two-layer (“insulated” version).

Lamilux

A German manufacturer that has also repeatedly appeared at well-known Russian public facilities: the Astrophysics Research and Production Association building, the LexusRolf pavilion, the MLP technology park, etc.

Rooflights from Lamilux are delivered to the installation site assembled

The “highlight” of Lamilux lanterns is the possibility of almost lightning-fast installation, which is explained by two circumstances:

a special “quick” fastening system has been developed, consisting of mounting strips and flanges;
The design of the lantern allows delivery to the site already assembled.

The product range covers the entire range of roofing glazing tasks. The following types of lanterns are produced:

point;
tape

The first group includes skylights:

convex - F100 and F100 Glass series (double glazing);
flat - FE series;
pyramidal - FP series;
gable - RW series.

The fiberglass glass of such a lantern can have either a round or rectangular shape.

Strip lights are divided into:

arched - type B;
gable - type C.

Models can be equipped with various types of electric drives, sensors, and smoke removal systems.

For glazing the entire roof, the manufacturer offers the PR 60 and PR 60 EnergySave systems (“insulated” version) with steel profiles. Additionally, you can order sputtering from precious metals or install solar panels.

Prices are calculated separately for each specific case. On average, a flashlight of the F100 series costs 12 – 24 thousand rubles.

Avak

Polish manufacturer of budget skylights. There are no technical refinements, but the quality is quite acceptable. There are models with manual opening, and also with a drive - electric or pneumatic (for objects with a high explosion hazard).

Awak skylights are made from aluminum profiles

The drives can be linked to fire alarms, but blowers for pumping out smoke are not installed (natural smoke removal).

"Leron"

A purely Russian manufacturer, the plant is located in Tula. It produces arched and gable strip lights up to 6 m wide and spot lights of various sizes. Models with automatic opening are equipped with a control system from the Italian company Aprimatic.

Prices are affordable: a lantern with a size of 1x1 m costs 20–21 thousand rubles, a lantern with a size of 1.5x1.5 m costs 26–27 thousand rubles.

manufactures skylights with domes filled with cellular polycarbonate

Schuco ("Shuko")

The world-famous and well-proven Austrian manufacturer of window profiles has also successfully mastered the niche of roof glazing. The product range is quite wide: profiles are made of both steel and aluminum; lanterns are produced as flat and gable, as well as domed or pyramidal. Triplex, stained glass, tinted and others can be used as filling.

Schuco is a partner of many companies that have been successfully operating in Russia for a long time. Deutsche Façade can be cited as an example. It is the “Shuko” profiles that are often used when installing glass roofs in the form of a Romanesque dome or an Egyptian pyramid (Mediterranean style). The reason for their demand lies not only in their reliability, but also in their affordability: in some projects, such a roof cost only 7.5 thousand rubles per sq. m. m.

Schuco company specializes widely in roof glazing

Zenit

This brand produces blind strip lights in two series: Standart Zenit ST and Premium Zenit Pro. The structures are manufactured in the best traditions of roofing glazing:

aluminum profiles are equipped with stiffening ribs, due to which they can easily withstand increased loads;
there is protection against freezing (there are no cold bridges in the design on which moisture could condense);
a triple barrier against leaks has been applied;
the light-transmitting element may have reinforcement designed for use in particularly harsh climates.

The manufacturer provides a 5-year warranty on its products.

Anti-aircraft lights "Zenith" are manufactured on the basis of our own production

"Alastra"

The main activity of this company is the installation of ventilated facades. But orders are also carried out for roof glazing, and with a guarantee for the work performed.

All specialists involved in construction work are highly qualified, confirmed by technical certificates issued by Rosstroy.

All projects are implemented only using the highest quality materials that have passed the appropriate certification in Russia.

The company has modern equipment, including lifting and transport equipment, which allows it to quickly solve problems of high complexity.

MCR Prolight

The owner of this trademark is Mercor. It is possible to note a wide range of skylights from this manufacturer. There are many options available with different opening sizes and glass heights, designed for both flat and pitched roofs.

The company undertakes the production of lanterns with non-standard sizes for individual orders. It is also possible to select the thickness of the heat insulator on the glass, which by default is 20 mm.

Spotlights made of polycarbonate MCR Prolight have an attractive appearance and are an easily removable design.
The material of the light transmitting element can be:

cellular polycarbonate, thickness varies from 10 to 25 mm, there are versions with different transparency and heat transfer resistance;
acrylic, from which domes are made with the number of layers from 1 to 3;
cast polycarbonate.

The glass can be straight, inclined and round.

Indu Light

This company not only produces skylights itself, but is also the official and sole importer of another well-known manufacturer - the Eternit Flachdach company. She also works closely with the company Rodeca, which specializes in the production of light-transmitting building structures from polycarbonate.

Indu Light is the official and exclusive importer of Eternit Flachdach, a leading manufacturer of skylights and roof drains

Manufacturing materials

For the manufacture of the structure's frame, predominantly ultra-light aluminum is used. It is gratifying that the aluminum profile can be painted in any color so that the light structure does not come into disharmony with the roof.

But the list of materials for skylights is not limited to aluminum.

The polymer-powder coloring composition simultaneously acts as an impregnation function, which increases the wear resistance of the structural element and provides it with moisture protection. To strengthen the structure (if such is the task), a steel profile is used.
Glued laminated timber can also be used to create a frame. But the wood is also initially treated in every possible way with special impregnations so that aggressive natural sources of influence do not cause the frame to fail prematurely.
As for glazing, a budget option would be a plastic panel . The plastic is extremely light, easy to cut and attach to the frame. And it’s easy to care for. But plastic limits the size of the structure; it is suitable only for small objects.
Sheets of polycarbonate and acrylic are ahead of the position of plastic panels. Acrylics perfectly transmit sunlight. They can be used to build lanterns both, for example, in industrial buildings and in indoor swimming pools. The material is easy to mold, that is, it is suitable for creating skylights of non-standard shape. There will be no replacement for it if the goal is to assemble a dome with a minimum of jumpers. It is not afraid of ultraviolet radiation, although it is unable to store heat.
Tempered glass is also being considered as an option for skylight glazing. But this material is very expensive - the cost of the entire structure will increase significantly. However, such glass will not break under the snow, it is not afraid of aggressive chemicals, and is resistant to abrasives. But hail, very large and prolonged, can lead to cracks - this, alas, is not excluded. But tempered glass is installed only in a durable frame. Glass and a strong frame increase the load on the structure, and significantly.

Light domes with complex transitions exclude the use of tempered glass. It also allows heat to pass through—to save energy, it will have to be coated with a special coating and films with a heat-reflective function must be used.

Experts unanimously call polycarbonate the golden mean. It is ideal even for structures with a plastic frame. The material diffuses light well and is also inexpensive. But it should be noted that working with cellular polycarbonate is not easy. If you hit it hard with a sharp object, damage is inevitable. Yes, and a blunt blow (the same hail) breaks it. A layer of snow can also be fatal. The average service life of polycarbonate is 5-7 years. Monolithic polycarbonate is 250 times stronger than glass. He is not afraid of fire, but he is afraid of the sun. For skylights, sheets with a special protective film will be required.
A separate topic is polyester sheets. They are good because they can withstand both low and high temperatures, as well as mechanical stress. Such sheets are not afraid of hail. But what they lack is transparency. The decorative properties of polyester sheets are also not at the top. That is, the material has not yet become the main one for skylights, but it can be used.

It is noted that ventilation and fire protection lighting structures require the use of opaque materials.

Design of skylights and requirements for them

When designing lanterns, one should be guided by the requirements of the document MDS 31–8.2002 “Recommendations for the design and installation of lanterns for natural lighting of premises.” A number of documents have also been developed that define the order of the actual characteristics of the product. For example, GOST R 54850–211 “Roof windows and skylights. Methods for determining heat transfer resistance".

If the skylight is intended to be used for smoke removal, then its dimensions should be taken into account the requirements of SNiP 2.04.05–91*U “Heating, ventilation and air conditioning”.

Requirements for light-transmitting materials are set out in documents such as GOST 111–2001 (sheet glass), GOST 24866–99 (single- and double-chamber glued double-glazed windows), GOST 22160–76 (2-layer plexiglass domes), as well as technical specifications ( cellular polycarbonate, corrugated sheets of transparent PVC, etc.).

The most important design stage is the choice of light-transmitting material. Traditional glass today is inferior to polymers in most technical characteristics. Judge for yourself:

The light transmittance coefficient for the most transparent types of silicate glass (sheet and tempered building) is 0.85 - 0.87, while for organic glass the same figure is 0.9, for polycarbonate and PVC - 0.85 each. Other types of mineral glass, such as protective multilayer or energy-saving glass, have an even lower transparency index - from 0.6 to 0.8.
Mineral glass weighs more than plastic: its specific gravity is 2500 kg/cubic. m, while for polymers it is only 1200 - 1400 kg/cu. m.
The thermal conductivity coefficient of mineral glass is 0.76 W/m*C, in the form of a vacuum double-glazed window - 0.5 W/m*C. For polymers, this figure is only 0.16 - 0.2 W/m*C.
Polymers are ductile, while mineral glass is brittle. Upon impact, ordinary glass shatters into several heavy, sharp fragments, which is why it is necessary to install a protective mesh underneath it. The plastic dome will only crack, and in many cases it will remain intact, springing the impact.

But glass also has important advantages:

It is non-flammable and has a high melting point, in which plastics are much inferior to it: organic glass has a flammability class of G3 or G4, polycarbonate and PVC - G2 and G3. The melting point of polymers is also relatively low.
Glass changes in size much less with temperature changes: its coefficient of linear expansion is only 8.5 1/C, while for plastic this figure is 60 - 80 1/C.
The most important thing is that glass is much harder than plastic, so it is not abraded by dust and sand. Polymers, due to abrasive effects, can be scratched very quickly and lose a significant part of their transparency.

It is preferable to use skylights made of glass for industrial buildings.
If it is decided to use glass as a transparent element, then the design of the designed skylight should ensure its support along the entire perimeter.

Here are the basic requirements set out in MDS 31–8.2002:

The glass must have a height of at least 30 cm - then the lantern will not be covered by snow accumulated on the roof.
The minimum angle of inclination of light-transmitting elements relative to the horizontal plane is 12 degrees.
The glass can be made with inclined walls, but they can deviate from the vertical by no more than 30 degrees.

The lantern glass can be made from the following materials:

thin sheet steel;
cold-formed steel profiles;
aluminum sheets and profiles;
fiberglass;
asbestos cement sheets.

The frame or frame on which the light-transmitting sheet rests is made of steel or aluminum profiles. The canvas is attached to the frame using strips (glazing beads) screwed to the frame with self-tapping screws.

The designer must also take into account the following requirements:

The fastening and sealing of the web must be designed so that it can expand freely when the temperature changes.
It is necessary to provide insulation of the glass and protect it from corrosion. The most effective insulation materials are rigid and semi-rigid slabs made of mineral wool with a density of up to 250 kg/m3. m (the material is non-flammable) and polystyrene foam boards of the PSB-S brand containing fire retardant additives (flammability class - G1). The material is glued using hot bitumen mastic, which has a heat resistance of up to 100 C.
The light-transmitting element is installed in the frame on a polymer profiled seal. The same seals are installed between individual fragments of the fabric, if it is prefabricated. If necessary, the cracks are additionally sealed with foamed polymers (spray foam) and silicone sealant for external use.
It is necessary to provide protection for all polymer seals from direct exposure to sunlight (ultraviolet radiation destroys these materials) using an apron or flashings.
The material for the apron is usually galvanized steel with a thickness of 0.5 to 0.7 mm.
If the lantern is equipped with a light-conducting shaft (for rooms with suspended ceilings), then the walls of this shaft and the inside of the glass must be painted or lined with a material with a reflectance coefficient of at least 0.85.
The protective mesh under the mineral glass filling must be made of galvanized wire with a diameter of 2 mm and have a cell size of 50x50 mm. The mesh is welded into a frame made of reinforcement or bent angle, which is suspended on hooks welded inside the glass. If the glazing on the room side is equipped with protective laminated glass or covered with a polymer film, there is no need to install a mesh.

On non-insulated roofs covered with slate or corrugated sheets, it is allowed to create a light-transmitting opening by replacing the covering sheet or its fragment with a transparent PVC sheet of the same profile. The PVC sheet is screwed in the same way as all the others: self-tapping screws or bolts with sealing washers are screwed into the crests of the waves.

The scope of application of lanterns with a light-transmitting element made of material with flammability class G3 or G4 is limited:

the building must have a fire resistance degree of I, II or III and a fire hazard class of C0;
the room above which the lantern is installed must have a fire and explosion hazard category of B4, G or D;
the roof must be covered with non-flammable material or belonging to the G1 flammability group, or roofing felt backfilled with gravel or large stone chips;
the total area of lanterns should not exceed 15% of the roof area.

The maximum permissible area of the lantern is:

with a specific gravity of transparent filling up to 10 kg/sq.m. m: 18 sq. m;
with a specific gravity of 10 to 20 kg/sq. m: 12 sq. m.

For fire safety reasons, the minimum permissible clear distance between lamps is determined:

with an area of 1 lantern from 6 to 18 sq. m: 6 m;
with an area of up to 6 sq. m: 3 m.

Also, the document MDS 31–8.2002 provides formulas for calculating the required heat transfer resistance (section 3.5), under which, under given climatic conditions, moisture does not condense on the internal surfaces of the lantern, and the required air permeation resistance.

Regulatory requirements

Design, installation work, operation of anti-aircraft products and smoke removal devices are regulated.

Requirements for skylights are formulated in several regulatory documents:

GOST R 54850-2011 on roof windows and skylights, which can be called GOST “Rooflights of industrial buildings”, gives them the following definition - these are translucent structures installed in openings of coverings that protrude above their surface. They are filled with transparent products that transmit light - double-glazed windows, polycarbonate panels, multilayer organic glass domes installed in insulated support cups resting on the edges of the light openings.
GOST 111-2001 - on technical conditions for sheet glass, GOST 30698-2000 - for tempered building glass, GOST 7481-78 - for reinforced sheet glass, GOST 17622-72 - organic technical glass.
GOST 22160-76 - on technical conditions for two-layer domes made of organic glass, GOST 24866-99 - for glued double-glazed windows for construction purposes.
SP 60.13330.2016 (SNiP 41-01-2003) - on heating and ventilation of buildings.
SP 112.13330.2011, which is the current version of SNiP 21-01-97*, on industrial safety of buildings and structures.
SP 7.13130.2013 – on industrial safety requirements for ventilation of buildings for any purpose.

A very detailed list of specific requirements for design solutions, load-bearing capacity, resistance to precipitation, heat transfer from light, incl. anti-aircraft lamps are set out in the recommendations of MDS 31-8.2002; where the methods of selection, calculations for design, construction of such structures, as well as fire safety requirements are given.

Some of the materials used from the presentation of the M8CITY pro skylights are available via the download button.

Installation of skylight

In general, when installing a lantern, perform the following operations:

A sealing material is secured to the supporting perimeter where the lantern glass will be installed.
If it (the perimeter) is made of wooden blocks or steel profiles, that is, the installation is carried out on a rafter roof, a profiled rubber seal is glued to a special mastic.
If the roof is a concrete slab with a light opening, then you must first clean the edges of the opening with a grinder, and then lay a strip of roofing material (possibly bicrost) and a rubber seal on it.
The lantern glass is lifted by a truck crane onto the roof and installed on the supporting perimeter. After this, it needs to be screwed: to the concrete slab - with anchor bolts, to the rafter system - with self-tapping screws or ordinary bolts with nuts. The fastener must penetrate the previously installed seal.
Next, a sealing tape is attached to the top along the perimeter of the glass, for which countersunk screws are used, screwed in every 5–6 cm.
The lantern frame is placed on the sealing tape. If it has hinges for opening, they need to be welded or screwed to the frame. If opening is not provided, the frame is simply screwed through the seal.

The lantern frame is laid on the sealing tape
Another sealing tape is placed in the frame and a light-transmitting sheet is immediately placed on top of it.
The canvas is fixed with glazing beads. Square aluminum tubes are often used for this purpose. A sealant is also placed under the glazing beads or silicone sealant is applied for external use, after which they are screwed to the frame.
Sealing of the junction of the roof covering with the lantern glass is carried out using an apron or a “collar” made of galvanized steel, in the same way as the junction of the roof with a wall or chimney is sealed.

Calculation

It is better if a specialist from the manufacturing company does the calculations, since it is not easy to do it yourself, and there are no available services for calculations yet.

When determining the size of the opening, the dimensions of the floor slabs (or the pitch between the beams), void areas, joints, etc. are taken into account. To calculate the block parameters, the following standards must be observed:

The top point of the lantern should not be lower than 30 cm above the roofing (60 cm is average, 80 cm is maximum);
The smallest area of dome glazing is not limited, but it is difficult to find models with sides smaller than 60 cm on sale. It is not recommended to make lanterns with an area of more than 10 m2 for one block.
The average slope of the sides of triangular structures is 30°. For large blocks, the top of which is higher than 1 m, an angle of 45° is acceptable.
If the height of the glazed room does not exceed 7 m, it is better to install point domes; for 7 m or more - strip domes.
On the roof, around the perimeter of the block, there must be at least 1 m of free space.
During installation, the mounting cup must be supported either by beams or by slab protrusions.

In industrial buildings where a significant amount of heat is generated and air pollution (soot, dust) is present, the installation of transparent light domes is not advisable.