Choosing a window seems to be not the most difficult task, but the characteristics of plastic windows can differ significantly from each other, which complicates the choice. It is imperative to take into account the features and properties of the product in order to choose the right design that suits you and can perform the functions that you assign to it.
Symbols of technical characteristics of PVC windows
The technical characteristics of a plastic profile can be easily read by its markings. It consists of a numerator and a denominator. For clarity, consider their position and interpretation in the tables below:
Numerator symbol set
| Position in the marking in order | Description |
| 1 | Indicates for which installation location the profile system is intended: O - windows for an apartment B - door block for the balcony |
| 2 | Profile material:
|
| 3 | Double-glazed window type:
|
| 4 | Length |
| 5 | Width |
| 6 | Features of the opening mechanism:
|
Denominator symbol set
| Position in the marking in order | Description |
| 1 | Heat loss resistance class |
| 2 | Waterproof degree |
| 3 | Sound insulation level |
Thermal insulation
Heat leaves the room through windows and ventilation systems. A high-quality window unit reduces heat loss and reduces heating bills - it retains heat.
Glass is a weak point. The high thermal conductivity of the translucent material is compensated by a gas layer between the glass sheets - the glass unit chamber. Inert gas or air in the chamber reduces the cooling rate of glass by 2 times or more.
The PVC window profile does not allow the cold to pass through. The hollow structure is divided into cells - profile chambers; in a window block for a residential premises, according to SanPiN, there must be at least three of them. The “winter” profile is protected more thoroughly; in addition to gas chambers, the window frame contains layers of insulation. Frost-resistant windows with four and five chambers (like REHAU Thermo) will provide less heat loss, but they are not advisable to buy in regions with an average annual temperature above −5 °C.
Heat transfer resistance is one of the main characteristics of plastic windows.
| Class | Heat transfer resistance (m2 x °C / W) |
| A1 | 0,80 < |
| A2 | 0,75–0,79 |
| B1 | 0,70–0,74 |
| B2 | 0,65–0,69 |
| IN 1 | 0,60–0,65 |
| AT 2 | 0,55–0,59 |
| G1 | 0,50–0,54 |
| G2 | 0,45–0,49 |
| D1 | 0,40–0,44 |
| D 2 | 0,35–0,39 |
Soundproofing
Gas chambers of double-glazed windows and window profiles protect from cold and noise. The nightly wailing of car alarms and the hubbub of cheerful groups interferes with sleep and work, and spoils the mood. A single-chamber double-glazed window will reduce the noise level from the street by 30-35 dB, a double-chamber one - by 32-40 dB. The noise of a passing car is 70 dB, a whisper is 40 dB, sounds outside the window will be heard no louder than a whisper.
For especially noisy places - an office in the center of a metropolis - window units are made with enhanced sound insulation. For this task, they use the quietest profile in the line of the German manufacturer REHAU Intelio 80. Sound waves are damped by different depths of the glass unit chambers. Below are the parameters of plastic windows, which show their level of sound insulation.
| Class | Windows with airborne noise reduction over (dB) |
| A | 36 > |
| B | 34–36 |
| IN | 31–33 |
| G | 28–30 |
| D | 25–27 |
Number of sashes
The number of sashes is one of the important performance characteristics of windows. The number depends on the size of the window opening. At the project approval stage, it is taken into account whether they will open or remain closed.
Here are the most common designs:
- Single leaf. Suitable for small openings, often installed on the end sides of old houses. There is no partition in the design; windows are rarely added. The window can be opening or fixed. They can be installed in openings with dimensions up to 1.5 by 1 m.
- Bivalve. Equipped with two doors with a partition between them. The standard solution is one opening section and one blind section. If the opening is large or the customer has specific requirements, both sashes can be hinged or tilt-and-turn.
- Tricuspid. Suitable for rooms with a large glass area, such as the living room. Fixed and opening doors can be combined in different ways. When installing, you need to take into account that the cross racks take up up to 10% of the space. This reduces the amount of natural light entering the room. The solution may be to purchase window systems with a reduced profile width, such as REHAU Delight.
- Balcony blocks. Installed between the balcony and the room, in addition to the windows, they include a door. Since the glazing area is large, with an unglazed loggia it is best to choose multi-chamber double-glazed windows with a good seal.
Durability
The service life of plastic windows directly depends on the quality of the fittings installed in them , since they are the ones that are subjected to operational loads. If we talk only about polyvinyl chloride itself, then you can safely count on 30 years, or even more, since plastic begins to disintegrate after two centuries.
Is there any point in having durable PVC if the sashes won't work? So pay close attention to the choice of hinges, handles and other mechanisms, giving preference exclusively to proven brands.
The service life of a PVC window directly depends on the quality of its fittings
Opening mechanism
Important technical characteristics of PVC windows include the type of sash opening mechanism. The parameter is important because it indicates how convenient it will be for you to ventilate the room and wash the glass. There are five main categories of designs:
- Deaf. They don't open. They are installed on the first floors of private residential buildings and in office buildings. This is dictated by the peculiarities of caring for the outside of the glass. On the ground floor it can be washed from the street, and in high-rise buildings - after calling industrial climbers. When installing, you should also think about fire safety. If the window is located on an escape route, it is better to abandon it and choose an opening option.
- Rotary. Opens inward. The sash rotates along a vertical axis. The window is convenient to clean, and ventilation of the room becomes easier. But if you have small children or pets in your home, during installation you will need to install special fittings, door opening limiters or durable external mesh.
- Folding. Cannot open completely. The lower crossbar is fixed on a horizontal axis. The design has limiters that prevent the sash from being tilted too far. A safe option for families with children and pets - the opening gap is too small to fit through. There will be no problems with ventilation. When installing, you need to think about the convenience of washing glass. A good solution is to place a sash with a turning mechanism next to it.
- Swivel and tilt. Often called combined because they combine the mechanism of the two types of valves described above. Control is carried out by turning the handle. The most convenient solution, but also the most expensive.
- Sliding. They move to the side along the guides. This allows you to save space on opening the sash and use all the usable space in the room.
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Number of chambers in double-glazed windows
The air chamber is the space between the glasses. Its presence directly affects the characteristics of the window - the level of thermal conductivity, the quality of sound insulation.
Among the most common solutions:
- Single-chamber. Designs with two glasses and one chamber between them. Inexpensive, provide good thermal insulation. But for many apartments their level of protection against heat loss may not be enough. It is better not to install such windows on the north side and on the top floors of high-rise buildings.
The thickness of a single-chamber double-glazed window varies from 14 to 32 mm. The design includes a metal spacer frame that prevents the glass from moving and moving closer to each other. Thanks to the use of loose absorbent, moisture does not appear inside the chamber and the window does not fog up.
- Two-chamber. The degree of thermal insulation is much higher. The price is also higher than that of single-chamber options, but this pays off in lower costs for heating the room. In addition to the cold, the double-glazed window will not allow extraneous sounds up to 45 dB into the room. A universal option for installation in apartments whose windows overlook children's and sports grounds and busy streets.
When selecting, the installation depth is taken into account. Depending on the thickness of the glass and profile, it can be up to 58 mm.
- Three-chamber. Stabilizes the temperature in the room. They do not let out heated air and do not let in cold air. Suitable even for northern regions. Retains noise from highways and railways. The only drawback is the high price.
In addition to air chambers, the parameters of plastic windows can also be affected by the outer coating of the glass. The application of special films will improve protection against heat loss and reduce the level of ultraviolet radiation penetrating inside.
Types of accessories
Fittings include all devices and mechanisms that are involved in the opening and closing process. They must be made of durable galvanized steel or other strong alloy that is not subject to corrosion.
The production mechanisms of the following companies have received positive feedback from customers from practical use:
- MACO - Austrian production, the best protection against corrosion.
- ROTO is a German brand, manufactured in Russia, and is distinguished by the smooth operation of its door closers.
- SIEGENIA-AUBI - produced in full-cycle factories in several countries around the world, characterized by high wear resistance.
- WINKHAUS is a German brand, simple and reliable mechanisms.
- GRETSCH-UNITAS - German production, wide range of types of fittings.
- SCHUCO - produced in Germany and Switzerland. High-strength hinges, anatomical handles, smooth opening.
Number of cameras in profile
The word “chamber” means not only the air compartment in the glass unit, but also special voids in the profile. They are separated by partitions.
The greater the number of cameras, the better the protective performance will be. The width as well as the weight of the profile will increase significantly. The most budget-friendly solution remains the option with three chambers, but to improve thermal insulation it is best to use models with five or six voids.
To make the multi-chamber structure stable, the profiles are reinforced. Reinforcement of REHAU profiles is carried out in accordance with TU 1108-001-02068195-2008.
Weight
If the mass of the double-glazed window is too large, this will lead to the fact that the sash will sag when opened or even break completely . Therefore, the limit value for a window is considered to be 60 kg. The necessary calculations that will allow you to avoid getting into a risky situation are easy to carry out.
To do this, first look at the table:
| Number of cameras | Weight of one square meter of glass unit, kg |
| 1 | 25 |
| 2 | 35 |
Now, let’s say that the width of your window is 80 cm and the height is 150 cm, and you choose a double-glazed unit. This means: 0.8×1.5×35=42 kg. This value fits well within the acceptable standards.
Plastic window shape
The form indicates in which opening the window structure can be installed. There are many options - building designs are becoming more diverse. Common ones include:
- Rectangular. Standard option installed in standard housing.
- Square. The shape also falls into the standard category. Often filled with a blind window.
- Arched. The main difference is the rounded top. Depending on its shape, models can be pointed, semicircular, elliptical, horseshoe-shaped - manufacturers call them differently. Even at the design stage of the building, the requirement to limit the radius of curvature must be observed - up to 45 cm.
- Triangular. Often installed in houses with a large attic. The shape allows the structure to fit organically into the space under the roof itself. The main requirement for manufacturing is that the triangle should not have angles less than 30 degrees. The aspect ratio itself may vary.
- Trapezoidal. Allows you to experiment with the combination of sashes. During manufacturing, the requirement is the same as with triangular options - the angles must be at least 30 degrees.
- Round. Usually created from two profile halves combined with each other. The maximum radius of curvature is 45 cm. Opening structures are the most difficult and expensive to produce, which is why customers often opt for blind ones.
- Portal. Designed for panoramic glazing. Used on balconies, loggias, verandas, rooms bordering the garden and facing the courtyard.
Other non-standard solutions can also be produced. Regardless of the shape, the basic technical characteristics of plastic windows remain the same.
Seals
Tightness and protection from blows in metal-plastic windows depend not only on the good clamping provided by the fittings. The number of sealing circuits and the type of seals are equally decisive factors. As a standard, windows are equipped with two sealing contours. The third circuit provides increased frost resistance and is used on structures of the corresponding class. The sealing cord must have elasticity and the ability to quickly restore its qualities under temperature changes.
Based on the type of polymer, the following types of seals are distinguished: rubber, silicone, thermoplastic elastomers, ethylene popylene, polyethylene (see table below).
| Type | Characteristics |
| Rubber | Vulcanized rubber. Service life is 30 years. It is highly elastic, resistant to external factors, but can quickly wear out due to frequent and severe temperature changes. Black color. |
| Silicone | Silicone rubber. The most durable and reliable material. Temperature range of use from -30°C to +60°C. Resistant to all external influences, does not wear off due to mechanical manipulation. Environmentally and chemically neutral. |
| EPDM | Ethylene propylene rubber. It is highly resistant to temperature changes (from -20°C to +35°C), cyclic mechanical loads, ultraviolet radiation and precipitation. |
| TRE | Elastic thermoplastic. The most popular seal. It can be easily adapted to automated processes in window manufacturing. It is characterized by elasticity, different colors, high residual deformation and short service life. Available in various shapes to increase clamping density and tightness. |
| Polyethylene with filler | Foam filler covered with a polyethylene shell. It is short-lived, poorly restored, and has low elasticity. |
Profile width
The width of the profile depends on the number of internal chambers and the type of glass unit installed. The larger it is, the better the protective properties of the plastic window will be. On the market you can most often find options with the following parameters:
- 58 mm. Cheap, provide average heat and sound insulation. Suitable for quiet courtyards, apartments, houses with a properly functioning heating system.
- 70 mm. Usually this width is found in four- to five-chamber models. The cost is higher, but the protective performance is better.
- 80-82 mm. Windows with the highest quality insulation. They are often installed in private homes, where they save money by increasing the efficiency of the heating system.
Material
The first question that requires an answer: what are plastic windows made of? It would seem that the title already says everything about this, but plastic can also have various components. In the manufacture of window profiles, for example, polyvinyl chloride is used, which has the following composition:
| Item name | Percentage component |
| Ethylene | 43 % |
| Combined chlorine | 57 % |
Pure polyvinyl chloride has the form of granular powder
To make the window profile durable and resistant to atmospheric conditions, the following is also added to PVC:
- Stabilizers , which use lead, which is in a biologically passive state;
Recently, you can often find plastic windows in which more harmless calcium and zinc compounds are used instead of lead. So, I recommend choosing just such products, since their environmental safety is much higher.
- Modifiers that increase the impact strength parameter, that is, resistance to mechanical stress.
The instructions also highlight two main approaches to the production of PVC:
- Cleaner production . Only large foreign companies can afford this, since it requires both a colossal staff of employees and expensive specific equipment;
Production process of making plastic window frame
- Recycling . Polyvinyl chloride is a thermoplastic and therefore can be recycled. This process is much simpler than pure production, and there is an interesting pattern in it: the larger the manufacturing company, the better and cheaper its product. Take this into account when choosing.
By the way, more detailed information can be provided by GOST for plastic windows 30674-99 “Window blocks made of PVC profiles. General technical conditions". In it you will find not only the requirements for the material, but also the values of the main parameters that the windows must have.
Reliability
The profile and fittings are responsible for the reliability of plastic windows. Opening or breaking the window frame is problematic. Steel fittings lock the window, the profile is adjusted to tightly fit the sashes so that a crowbar cannot get through.
A double-glazed window is also a weak point in terms of reliability. For retail and commercial premises, it is worth taking a closer look at strengthened glass - tempered, armored.
Strength, accuracy, integrity are mandatory characteristics. A frankly shoddy product with uneven corners and sloppy seams at the joints will certainly turn out to be cold, damp, and excessive noise will seep through it like water through a sieve.
Color
Classic PVC windows are white. Their cost is the lowest, and they fit almost any interior. Other color solutions are achieved by applying a special film, and here, in general, there are no restrictions. But you will have to pay extra.
Black plastic windows have their own unique charm
What characteristics are important when buying a window?
Since the installation will be carried out by a team of craftsmen, there is no need to think too much about the dimensions and installation depth - all this will be chosen by the measurer. The shape is dictated by the design features of the opening. Therefore, the buyer needs to focus on parameters that give an idea of future ease of use.
To summarize all of the above, we recommend taking into account:
- Sound insulation level. The higher it is, the less extraneous sounds will penetrate into the room. Owners of apartments whose windows overlook highways or busy sports and playgrounds should be especially careful. You need to install a multi-chamber double-glazed window with protection of at least 45 dB at least in the bedroom and nursery.
- The degree of thermal insulation. If the windows are located on the north side or on the top floors of buildings, it is better to choose models with two or three air chambers. Pay attention to energy-saving solutions with inert gas pumped in and special glass coating. The level of thermal insulation is also important for private houses, because it helps to save on space heating.
- Combination of sashes. Selects with a focus on future care. Think about how you will clean the glass outside. It is best if at least one door in the combination is hinged. It is most convenient for those who choose a combined structure.
Other characteristics of window profiles, such as color, coating with lamination film, imitation of natural materials and additional features of fittings are selected according to individual requests. The main thing is to remember that buying windows is a long-term investment in the comfort and coziness of your home. Therefore, choosing the simplest and cheapest options without taking into account the characteristics of housing will not be the best solution.
In addition to air chambers, the parameters of plastic windows can also be affected by the outer coating of the glass. The application of special films will improve protection against heat loss and reduce the level of ultraviolet radiation penetrating inside.
Quality indicators
Like any product, window structures are checked for compliance with the requirements of standards and have documents confirming their quality. These are certificates of conformity and conclusions on environmental and fire safety.
In addition to documents, each design has its own so-called passport (specification). It indicates from what profile, with what glass unit, seals and fittings the window is made.
When comparing offers from window companies, we recommend paying attention to a number of key user characteristics of structures:
- Characteristics of the proposed profile from which the window will be made. This is the number of chambers in the profile, its mounting depth, reinforcement, and the thickness of the profile walls. (There are other characteristics, but they are not important).
- Characteristics of double-glazed windows: number of double-glazed windows (single-chamber, double-chamber, etc.), glass thickness, width of air chambers and their filling (or lack thereof), presence/absence of special functional coatings.
- Characteristics of accessories. First of all, this is the material from which it is made. Also important is the smooth movement of the mechanisms and the speed of switching modes from rotary to folding and back.
These characteristics determine the main qualities of the window:
- Level of thermal insulation or heat transfer resistance;
- Wind resistance;
- Frost resistance;
- The degree of deformation when exposed to high temperatures;
- Impact resistance;
- Wear resistance and service life;
- Ease of use.
