Calculation of lintels made of metal profiles for partitions

Steel angles are a popular type of shaped metal products. They are often used as lintels in the construction industry, for example, in the construction of buildings made of bricks and blocks. Steel corners also perform several important functions:

• increase the strength of door and window openings;
• allow you to redistribute the load;
• protect the masonry from cracks.

Construction corners are made from steel by rolling or bending. Ready-made corners have several important advantages:

• increased strength due to the design (at bends);
• sharp contours of corners compared to rounded corners;
• increased wall thickness (achieved during production).

To produce rolled corner profiles from steel, standard alloys saturated with carbon are used. Low alloy steel is better suited for this purpose.

Types of steel angles for lintel equipment

Steel construction angles are made by rolling or bending. If the design involves increased loads, rolled metal is used, which is characterized by:

• high strength due to thickening at the bend;
• clarity of the contours of the outer corner in comparison with a rounded corner made by bending;
• increased wall thickness parameters due to production features.

To make a rolled corner profile, conventional steel alloys saturated with carbon are used, most often St3. For the production of metal products used in aggressive environments, it is recommended to use low-alloy raw materials marked 09G2S.

Taking into account the width of the shelves, unequal and equal shelf products are distinguished. At the same time, it is the latter that have become widespread in various fields of industry.

Key advantages of steel angle

To make lintels, reinforced concrete monolithic or prefabricated blanks are used. However, for the manufacture of some structures it is recommended to use steel products, including rolled corners.

Among the main advantages of using metal products, the following should be noted:

• simplicity and speed of installation;
• the ability to continue laying a brick or block wall immediately after installing the lintel;
• high levels of strength and durability with the condition of correct selection based on the operational characteristics of the building.

Using a steel corner as a lintel in walls made of brick and aerated concrete block

It is worth noting that brickwork is able to withstand its own weight after it has gained grade strength, provided that the opening is of moderate width and no load from the floor is provided. But during the process of hardening of the masonry mortar, the structure must be provided with support, which can be easily constructed using a steel angle.

To strengthen a brick wall with corner bars, the following conditions are met:

• the support should not be less than 20 cm on each side;
• before plastering, the corners should be wrapped with a special mesh;
• before using hardware, it should be completely painted;
• the gaps between the wall and the corner are filled with masonry mortar marked at least M100.

Key features of using steel angle when arranging lintels in aerated concrete walls:

• the corner cuts directly into the block (a third of the width of the metal product extends from the edge);
• It is strictly not recommended to install a lintel from inside or outside the walls;
• the blocks are fixed to the lintel with glue (vertical seams are also filled);
• the outer side of the corner is plastered and insulated after installing the door or window.

If you install the lintel incorrectly and do not insulate the structure from the outside, moisture may accumulate on the slopes inside the room.

To equip an opening less than 1.2 m wide, a corner with a shelf width of 50 mm is sufficient. Rolled products with 75 mm shelves are better suited for openings with parameters in the range from 1.2 to 2 m. If the width exceeds 2 m, you should seek professional help or calculate the parameters of a suitable option using special calculator programs.

Jumper with vertical posts

In this type of reinforcement, the lintels transfer part of the load to the steel posts, which rest on the base of the opening.
Strengthening with this method is carried out when the opening width is more than 1.5 m. The racks are made from corners, which are welded to the lintel and to each other with steel strips. The strips themselves are secured through holes in metal and bricks with anchors. Reinforcement of openings with racks is also done in another version. The racks in this method are made of 4 channels installed in pairs along the verticals of the opening. The pairs are also tied together with steel sheets, and the voids underneath are filled with mortar. When marking under a window or door, take into account the dimensions of the steel supports.

Types of steel angle used for the manufacture of metal jumpers

Angle steel used in construction is made in two ways - rolling and bending. In structures designed to withstand heavy loads, a rolled angle is usually used, since it is characterized by:

• increased strength due to thickening on the inside of the corner;
• clear contours of the outer corner, while the metal product obtained by bending has a slightly rounded outer corner;
• large wall thickness: bent products are usually made thin-walled, since the bending process is carried out without heating, and very powerful, expensive equipment is required to work with thick products.

For the manufacture of rolled corner profiles for ordinary purposes, carbon steels of ordinary quality are used, St3 is most often used. For metal products planned for use under conditions of increased loads and/or in regions with cold climates, low-alloy steels are used, most often 09G2S.

Based on the width of the shelves, there are equal and unequal corners. Products with equal shelf widths are widely distributed.

Advantages of using steel angle

For the manufacture of lintels, reinforced concrete monolithic and prefabricated lintels are used - slabs, bars, beams, prefabricated products made of cellular concrete. However, for some building structures, only lintels made of rolled steel are suitable, including angle bars.

Advantages of using a corner:

• operational installation;
• the ability to lay bricks and blocks on metal lintels immediately after installing the rolled products;
• strength and reliability of metal products, subject to the correct choice of assortment, depending on the type of masonry and the planned load.

The use of steel angles for lintels over openings in buildings made of aerated concrete or brickwork

Brickwork can withstand its own weight well after gaining grade strength with masonry cement-sand mortar in cases where the opening is of moderate width and does not bear the load from the ceiling. However, during the period of hardening of the mortar, the brickwork requires support, which can be provided using angle steel.

When using a corner to strengthen a brick wall above an opening, the following conditions must be met:

• the support on the masonry must be at least 200 mm on each side;
• if the walls are to be plastered, then the steel corners are wrapped with plaster mesh;
• rolled products are painted on the inside and outside before use;
• the gaps between the brickwork and the rolled products are filled with cement-sand mortar of a grade not lower than M100.

Features of using angle bars for installation over openings in walls made of aerated concrete:

• The corner is cut into the body of the block, retreating from its edge by about a third of the width. It is prohibited to place the rental on the inside or outside of the wall.
• Above the lintel, the blocks are laid on glue and the vertical seams are filled with an adhesive mixture. After the glue hardens, a structure is formed that is not inferior in strength to an aerated concrete block.
• After installing the windows, the corner from the outside is insulated and plastered.

Attention! If installation is incorrect and the external part is not insulated, condensation may form on the slopes inside the room.

For an opening up to 1.2 m wide, products with a shelf width of 50 mm are sufficient, 1.2-2.0 m - with a shelf width of 75 mm. When deciding which corner should be used for lintels of openings more than 2 m wide, calculations are made for strength and deflection.

Steel corner as a “hidden” jumper

Question asked:

Grigorash

In connection with the use of facing bricks, the question naturally arose about covering window and door openings so that the appearance of lintels would not spoil the cladding. Builders recommend using a corner, but opinions differ regarding its size. So what corner should be used for “secret” lintels for openings with a width of 700 mm, 900 mm, 1200 mm, 2200 mm, and one opening 3000 mm? There is a corner 75x75x7 and 80x80x8 available, is it possible to use it?

Thanks in advance for your answers.

Which brick lintel is more reliable: reinforced or on a steel corner?

Equipment for excavation of mine workings, POS, standard control, KR, AR

A cement-reinforced lintel is used in 90% of cases for new designs, and corners are used in cases where this reinforcement cannot be used or during reconstruction. The fittings there are for approximately 50-60 years, and the corners are for 30-50 years. IMHO. IMHO, I have a suspicion that due to some defects in the masonry, the corners may not bear the required load. The same can be said about the fittings. In case of heavy loads, something else is used in any case.

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From personal experience. When reconstructing or overhauling old brick buildings in cities, you should always strengthen all openings with additional lintels, regardless of the calculation results.

The corner is more reliable in terms of execution. The reinforcement bars in the lintel are usually not completely in the solution. If the masonry is carried out in winter, then the likelihood that the mortar will be removed along with the formwork increases significantly. I primed the corner, stuck it in, and forgot about it.

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Equipment for excavation of mine workings, POS, standard control, KR, AR

At least paint?

SP 28.13330.2017 “Protection of building structures from corrosion. Updated edition of SNiP 2.03.11-85" (with Amendments No. 1, 2) 7.8 Steel parts in masonry must be protected from corrosion in accordance with the requirements of 5.5. 5.5.5 Protection against corrosion of the surfaces of non-concrete steel embedded parts and connecting elements of prefabricated and monolithic reinforced concrete structures, depending on their purpose and operating conditions, should be carried out: with paint and varnish coatings (in rooms with dry and normal humidity conditions with non-aggressive and slightly aggressive degrees of environmental influence); protective metal coatings applied by hot or cold galvanizing or gas-thermal and thermal diffusion spraying (in rooms with damp or wet conditions and in the open air); combined coatings (paint and varnish on the metallization layer with a medium degree of aggressive environmental influence).

Also SP 15.13330.2012 Stone and reinforced stone structures. Updated version of SNiP II-22-81* (with Amendments No. 1, 2, 3) Multilayer walls (lightweight masonry walls and brick cladding) 9.30 The durability of products and materials used in multilayer walls should be taken into account the service life of the structure. Reinforcement of the front layer should be done with meshes made of corrosion-resistant steel or steel with an anti-corrosion coating. The minimum thickness of the zinc coating is determined in accordance with paragraph 5.5.8 of SP 28.13330.2012 and is 30 microns for the galvanic application method. 9.32.1. It is allowed to support the facing layer of masonry on factory-made parts made of reinforced concrete or corrosion-resistant steel.

Installation of lintels in brick walls: useful information for novice builders

A lintel is a structural element of a wall that not only allows you to block the opening of a future door or window, but will also carry certain loads. At a minimum, this is the weight of the masonry erected above the upper boundary of the opening, but when the floor slabs are supported on the wall, the loads are increased many times over.

Based on this, the installation of lintels in brick walls can be carried out in various ways. Using the video in this article on the topic: “Supporting lintels on a brick wall” as a visual aid, we will talk about those methods of closing openings that can be done when constructing masonry yourself.

Building up the structure

It is allowed to support the lintels on a brick wall SNiP by building up the structure on site. For this it is important to use formwork, i.e. box It must be selected in such a way that the lower part of the formwork or the bottom completely follows the dimensions of the opening. The formwork is nailed to the side parts, which should extend at least 20-25 cm into the structure. The side of such a structure is limited by brickwork. To ensure an accurate fit of the board to the wall, experienced builders recommend mounting the bricks in such a way that they protrude half the brick on both sides.

The box has small protrusions for installation, the board is attached and lies perfectly flat. Several rows of bricks are placed at the bottom of the structure (to hold the bottom of the box). This technology ensures strong and reliable fixation of the formwork. Then the elements are placed in the box and filled with solution.

For strong, reliable coupling of reinforcement elements, they can be placed in a joint ball of mortar from the side of the side stop or between the bricks. At the final stage, the side protruding bricks can be cut off using a grinder or safely used to tie up window decor parts.

The construction of one-story, small houses does not require massive reinforced concrete structures. Therefore, elements are selected for them from ready-made metal objects. More often they use a channel, ordinary reinforcement bars, a metal corner or strips. These supports are very lightweight, easy to use and quick to install.

Before installing such structures, it is important to correctly calculate the jumpers. There is a risk of the structure sagging, which could jam or destroy the window.

According to SNiP standards, such metal supports can bend no more than 1/200 of the length of the support itself.

To correctly calculate such installations, you will need the help of a specialist. If the calculation of the jumper is carried out independently, it is recommended that you familiarize yourself with the SNiP methods.

Prefabricated concrete lintels

Since a brick lintel is a rather complex architectural element from a structural point of view, a beginner is unlikely to be able to make it correctly with his own hands right away. They are installed only over openings not exceeding two meters in width, and on walls that do not bear loads from the floors - after all, in terms of bending strength, they cannot compete with reinforced concrete lintels. Therefore, in private construction almost everywhere, even on narrow openings, they are used.

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The assortment of most reinforced concrete factories includes lintels for brick walls, manufactured according to standard 948, in force since 1984. This GOST regulates the production of heavy concrete lintels specially designed for brick buildings - and not only residential, but also for any other purpose.

They can also be used for installation in openings of walls built from stones of natural and artificial origin. The category of artificial stones includes, in fact, the brick itself, as well as all kinds of small-format blocks made of ash or autoclaved concrete.

Types and parameters

There are four types of lintels for such walls, and they differ in shape and size. For clarity, let’s present information arranged in the form of a table about what they look like and in what situations they are used.

The maximum width of PB type lintels is 250 mm - which means they are used only in cases where the wall thickness does not exceed the length of one brick.

Note! Bar and slab lintels are interchangeable. Where, for example, you need one 2PP17-5 slab, the size of which is 380*140*1680 mm, you can use three 2PB17-2 bars. They have the same height and length, only the width differs: 120 mm. Of course, the price of one larger product is lower than the total cost of three smaller pieces. But there are all sorts of situations - for example: the necessary slab-type jumpers are not available.

Nuances of installing concrete lintels

The technology for installing prefabricated reinforced concrete products is extremely simple, and therefore such lintels over windows can be seen much more often than any others. To install them, a ledge at least 25 cm wide must be provided in the wall on each side of the opening. That is, the length of the jumper should always exceed its width by half a meter.

All that is needed for installation is a truck crane that will lift a concrete beam or slab and lower it onto a support footing in the wall. On it, as when laying bricks, mortar is spread before installing the lintel. The horizontal position of the structure is verified by a level along the bottom edge.

Construction of a monolithic lintel

Sometimes the prefabricated version cannot be selected according to the width of the opening, and for walls of 2.5 bricks, ready-made concrete lintels are not produced at all. In such cases, formwork is installed over the openings, a frame is knitted from reinforcement, and the lintels are poured in a monolithic manner. How this looks can be clearly seen in the example presented above. The conventional removable formwork is shown here, but there are other options.

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Trough expanded clay concrete block for lintel construction

For example, to fill a monolithic lintel, you can use concrete or ceramic U-blocks, which are used as permanent formwork. In all respects, they correspond to a conventional lintel, but have a cavity in which reinforcement is laid and concrete is poured.

Jumper prices

The cost of aerated concrete, reinforced lintels depends on their size and manufacturer. They are manufactured by factories specializing in the production of aerated concrete blocks.

As an example, here is the price list of one of the leading Russian manufacturers represented on the markets of Moscow and the Moscow region:

Reinforced beams are an integral element in the construction technology of cellular concrete. Designed to distribute the load from the rows located above, armored belts and other elements pressing on the base. The absence of cracks in the walls is guaranteed only if technological features and building codes are observed during their installation.

Metal jumpers

Sometimes it is much easier and cheaper to install a metal lintel rather than a reinforced concrete one. For example, if it is a doorway or a window of small width. When the walls are not thick, or it is just brick cladding, one or two channels, or corners with a wide shelf, are more than enough.

Steel lintels in brickwork

Take, for example, the frame-brick house that we see in the photo above. Here the masonry does not bear the loads from the weight of the building - they fall on the frame, the cells of which are filled with brick.

Here, a reinforced concrete lintel is of no use at all, and certainly no one will lay them out of brick in a multi-storey building. This takes too much time and, moreover, requires the involvement of masons with higher qualifications.

Corner lintel in facing masonry

The advantage of jumpers made of rolled metal is that they are light in weight, cost, and you can always cut them to the length you need. And one more thing: you can block the opening with rolled metal in cases where no other lintel can be installed. For example: a new opening is cut into the wall of an existing building, or an old opening is expanded.

Reinforcing the opening with I-beams

Important! Let us draw your attention to the fact that metal lintels are not suitable for walls on which slab floors rest. There should only be reinforced concrete structures. Otherwise, lintels in brick walls made from rolled metal are a very convenient and practical solution.

Since metal tends to bend under heavy load, and the masonry that will be above the pier is very heavy, supports are provided for the lintels. The support posts are removed when the mortar gains full strength, and the masonry itself can bear its own weight.

The selection of rolled metal for lintels in projects is carried out on the basis of calculation, but private traders working “by eye” should remember that a safety margin never hurts.

Using a metal corner in window openings

Window openings are an important part of any home. In this case, not only the appearance, but also the safety of the entire structure depends on the correct selection of installation technology and building materials.

Massive concrete lintels, which have been used for half a century to construct window openings in multi-storey buildings, are not always suitable for small private houses. Considering that the materials used for construction are different, the difference between the height of the blocks and the lintel has to be additionally filled with concrete, and this is a very difficult process. In addition, transportation and installation of a heavy concrete lintel requires additional costs. Therefore, builders are increasingly using metal corners instead of concrete lintels.

Advantages of a metal corner

1. Strength

A properly selected metal corner copes well with the functions assigned to it. The metal from which the structure is made has sufficient rigidity and excellent compressive and tensile strength. In a word, it fully complies with the necessary requirements for use in window openings of a one- or two-story building.

1. Price

Brick lintels

Brick lintels are not only constructive, but also an interesting architectural element of the building. We have already said that they can only be used where there is no support for floor slabs. As for openings more than two meters wide, where brick lintels are usually not made, there is an excellent way out of the situation.

Hanging consoles with clamps

Not so long ago, metal consoles for installing brick lintels appeared on the domestic building materials market. You can see what they look like in the photo above. Consoles are usually used when facing a building with brick.

They are mounted to the main wall at the top of the opening, and connected to each other by a shelf. Clamps hang from it, which are placed in the vertical seams between the bricks, and actually reinforce the entire structure. Consoles increase the strength of the lintel and take on the weight of the overlying masonry, which allows you to cover an opening of any width.

Wide opening covered with bricks on hinged consoles

This is still a new technology, and we think that in small cities and towns you won’t always find such consoles. Therefore, no one has yet canceled the traditional options for installing brick lintels.

Brick lintel designs

There are only four options for brick lintels, differing in shape. Among them are ordinary and arched lintels, among which wedge, beam and vaulted ones are distinguished. The construction of ordinary and arched structures has fundamental differences.

The main types of brick lintels: 1-row, 2-vault, 3-vault, 4-vault

Features of ordinary jumpers

The simplest ones structurally are ordinary lintels. They are laid out from a single solid brick - sometimes five or six horizontal rows high. To install such a lintel, it is necessary to construct formwork supported by temporary racks.

Ordinary lintel on a narrow opening

It looks something like this. A layer of mortar is laid out at the bottom of the formwork and three reinforcement bars with a diameter of 6 mm are embedded in it. The length of the rods should be such that it is possible to leave free ends. This is necessary so that they can go around the nearest bricks in the opening.

Arrangement of an ordinary lintel in the formwork

As in the case of hanging consoles, for this you can purchase a ready-made lintel reinforcement system. It consists of frames, reinforcing rods and connecting parts with triangular teeth bent at 45 degrees. They are arranged in a checkerboard pattern, which makes it possible to properly fix the rod.

BAUT lintel reinforcement system

The fittings themselves are galvanized, which eliminates the possibility of metal corrosion. The frames are designed to allow you to expand the reinforced area at your discretion - this already depends on the thickness of the wall masonry.

Brick arches in the opening

This type of lintel is interesting because it is made of wedge-shaped brick. That is, in cross-section it is not a rectangle, but a trapezoid. You can see what it looks like and what its dimensions are in the presented photo.

There are no special dimensional variations here - it only happens that the width of the narrower side is not 45, but 55 mm. As you can see, wedge brick differs from regular brick in almost all respects.

Shape and dimensions of wedge brick

They also lay it out on the formwork - only this is not a straight structure, but a curved template, thanks to which the lintel will take the given shape. The bricks are laid according to the markings, on a narrow end. Marking according to the template is done in order to calculate the number of wedges so that there is an odd number of them.

Round arch above the window

Naturally, the thickness of the seams must be taken into account. They come in different thicknesses: 0.5 cm at the bottom, 2.5 cm at the top. Laying the bricks begins from the edges of the lintel towards the center, with a slight slope to create a spacer. Thanks to the wedge-shaped shape of the brick, it is very convenient to lay out arches of various types.

Since when laying them the brick is positioned vertically, the rows in the masonry are not counted as usual, but horizontally. An odd number of elements is needed for symmetry: there are identical arcs on the sides - and one central (lock) wedge.

Arched lintels, coupled with appropriate framing, unusually decorate the façade

It is very important that when laying the masonry, the seams are filled completely, otherwise elements in the lintel may shift, which will greatly reduce the strength of the structure. Finally, we note that for high-quality construction of brick lintels you need not just instructions in theory, but a good master class.

Jumpers on consoles

categories

• Brick facades of Anker
• Ventilation boxes
• Jumpers on consoles
• Openings on fittings
• Expansion joints

Lintels are one of the most important elements of the facade. A beautifully laid brick in a lintel can become a bright architectural accent that will highlight the overall perception and appearance of the facade of the house. At the same time, the lintel remains a very important structural element. It is an indisputable fact that a brick lintel without reinforcing elements will simply fall. Therefore, it is very important to correctly design structural elements and with correct execution according to calculations. This sounds extremely serious, and do not forget that the lintel is a load-bearing element and, if poorly designed or executed, can lead to a brick simply falling on a passerby’s head. In practice, we have several systems for constructing lintels to choose from: from the simplest ones using reinforcement with clamps or corners to the most reliable ones mounted on consoles and suspended on prefabricated products. Consoles are a system of corners based on special brackets used to support walls in areas of horizontal expansion joints, long or corner lintels, or where there is no foundation for the front wall. A standard console consists of an angle mounted on one or more brackets. Consoles have different shapes and configurations, each time corresponding to the structure of the object. Consoles are manufactured in various shapes and overhangs. Our technical department adapts them each time to the construction solutions existing on the site, in such a way as to optimize the cost of installing the facade.

NOTE. The special shape of the brackets allows for virtually bridgeless fastening of the facade to the building structure. In addition, this makes it possible to significantly minimize the unevenness of reinforced concrete.

Jumpers on consoles are used in the following cases:

· in corner windows,

· in long openings with a high wall above the opening,

· in lintels, where the bricks of the first row are laid on the so-called deep roll,

· in horizontal lines where a horizontal expansion joint is made,

· in the front walls made of brick halves.

For jumpers on consoles or corners, stainless steel clamps are required. Depending on the method of laying bricks in the first row, the appropriate type of clamp is used.

Console types

Below are the most popular types of cross-section cantilevers, illustrating their uses.

Classification according to bracket shape:

Building design requirements

Cantilevers are usually attached to reinforced concrete parts of the building structure using chemical or mechanical anchors. Below is a drawing and table that describes the minimum dimensions for horizontal reinforced concrete structures depending on the class and distance from the consoles.

Minimum dimensions for horizontal reinforced concrete structures depending on the class and overhang of consoles

The above dimensions of reinforced concrete allow full use of the load-bearing brackets, chemical anchors and full adjustment of the consoles. If the building structure does not meet the above requirements, it is necessary to use reduction of anchors, other types of brackets or a replacement fastening - MZ.

MZ replacement mount

MZ replacement fastenings are used in locations where the building structure does not allow the use of typical brackets and the contractor does not want to give up the ability to align the cantilevers. Below are the most common types of MZ.

Instructions for installing consoles using chemical or mechanical anchors

Hole Tracing

All consoles are designed individually; therefore, holes for chemical anchors should be made according to the design. Particular attention should be paid to the distances from the edges of the reinforced concrete indicated in the drawings, as well as the inclination of the console corner and the distance from it to the anchor axis shown on the details.

Installation of chemical anchors

The marked holes should be drilled, paying attention to the selection of the diameter and depth of the hole depending on the diameter of the anchor (Table 1, Fig. 1)

Next, the holes should be cleared of chips and dust through mechanical cleaning with a nylon or metal brush (Fig. 2) and blowing (Fig. 3).

A capsule with glue is placed into the cleaned holes (Fig. 4) and the anchor is laid using the impact-revolving method (for example, using an impact drill with a speed of ≤750 rpm - Fig. 5).

A correctly installed anchor should go deep into the concrete to the place indicated on its surface (belt without thread), and a properly mixed adhesive solution should easily “float out” and protrude at the edge of the hole surface (Fig. 6). Installation of the consoles should be carried out after the final hardening of the adhesive solution, which depends on the surface temperature (Table 2). When installing anchors in wet holes (without standing water), the curing time should be doubled.

Installation and leveling of consoles

It is necessary to put wedges on correctly laid anchors for horizontal leveling, the next step is to put on the console, hooking it with the second tooth from the bottom. Place the washer on the stud and first tighten the nut. (Fig. 7).

Rice. 7 Console mounting diagram

After preliminary securing a number of consoles, they should be leveled by moving the wedges to the left or right (Fig. at the same time, make sure that the bottom of the console rests on the reinforced concrete base at least 20mm from the edge.

Rice. 8 Leveling consoles

Leaning

All elements with corners, connected by connectors or free, must be supported until the design strength and height of the wall are reached. Intermediate strips should be wedged until the masonry is completed and the facade wall is tied to a height corresponding to the maximum for placing consoles, increased by 15 cm.

ATTENTION: The intermediate horizontal support on the consoles is an expansion joint (Fig. 10). The space between the consoles and the layer below does not need to be filled with mortar - this risks an accident caused by the transfer of load from the row theoretically supported by the console to the row of masonry under the console.

Rice. 10 Horizontal expansion joint

Clamps

In lintels with a hidden load-bearing structure from corners or consoles, the first row should be suspended on clamps inserted into the vertical seams between adjacent bricks and “hooked” onto the corner. The number and type of clamps are shown in the drawing for each section under consideration or in the lintel diagram. (Fig. 10)

In the case of using hyper-pressed bricks or laying bricks with a small joint surface together with clamps, safety pins P 3/80 should be used inserted into the holes in the side planes of the masonry elements, immediately above the line of clamps. (Fig. 11)

In places where the vertical expansion joint intersects the lintel (or runs at the edge), instead of a clamp, use a K 3/100 clamp, inserting it into the prepared hole in the side plane of the wall element and hooking it to the corner/console.

Rice. 10 Clamps on the corner

Rice. 11 Clamps with pins on the corner

Hangers in vertical seams

In lintels built on hangers in vertical joints, the brick should be laid on pins P 5/1000 (holes should be drilled in the side surfaces of the brick in accordance with the hangers). Connect the pins along the length with mortgages 20 cm long, in a checkerboard pattern in rows. Along the edges, the pins should be bent perpendicularly into vertical seams, with a bent edge length of at least 10 cm.

Installation of replacement fasteners

In order to install replacement MZ fasteners, a groove should be made in the load-bearing wall (ensuring the stability of the wall) with dimensions no less than the element being mounted. In case of an uneven surface, the column should be installed on cement mortar and secured with chemical anchors as in point 2. After the mortar and chemical anchors have hardened, any defects in the load-bearing wall around the replacement fastening should be repaired with the same material as the load-bearing wall and after the filler has hardened, it should be fixed to the protruding hairpin console.

Storage

Before installing consoles and chemical anchors, when there is a need to store them, you should pay attention to ensure that elements made of stainless steel do not touch “ferrous” metal and are not located near welding or cutting robots. Particles of corrosive elements left behind can lead to the development of corrosion on stainless steel elements.

Responsibility

Failure to comply with the installation and storage rules set out in these instructions releases NOVA from liability to customers.

Lintels for window and door openings: calculation, DIY production

The construction of openings is a rather sensitive topic; more than one builder has tripped over this stone in their practice. Today we will share information on how to calculate and install lintels for window and door openings, depending on the type and material of the walls.

• How to calculate the load
• Installation of lintels in stone buildings
• Strengthening openings in frame buildings
• How to make and strengthen openings in load-bearing walls

How to brick a window

Residents do not always need an abundance of window openings. Sometimes you need to bookmark an extra window. Let's look at a situation where the walls are made of brick.

Technological process of bookmarking:

• Mix the solution. Prepare containers of the required volume. Pour in a dry mixture of cement and sand. The kneading is carried out in a ratio of 1 to 3. Mix the components thoroughly, add water. We get a thick solution.
• Clean the surface from dirt. Knock down any large protruding parts.
• The opening is treated with a primer.
• The outer part is laid with bricks on the edge (to save material).

How to calculate the load

Technically, the lintel at the top of the opening is a regular beam and the calculation for it is carried out in a similar way. There are two main requirements that this part must satisfy:

1. The sections of the walls on which the lintel rests must adequately bear the load.
2. The residual deformation (deflection) of the lintel under load should not exceed the permissible values ​​for windows or doors installed in the opening.

It is always necessary to take into account the self-supporting properties of the wall. Very often, when constructing masonry, opening lintels perform their function only for the first 2–3 weeks after their installation, and then they simply remain in the walls without any need. This applies to those openings over which a masonry pillar is preserved, equal in height to the length of the span. Here, a lintel is not needed at all - the wall will support itself, and the larger the blocks used for masonry, the smaller the height of the pillar should remain.

In other cases, the jumper is calculated based on the applied load, including:

• own weight of the jumper;
• the weight of the wall taking into account its self-supporting capacity (the height of the masonry above the opening);
• distribution of the weight of the wall (for summer masonry, only 1/3 of the width above the opening is taken into account, for winter masonry - the entire wall);
• the load caused by the support of beams or floor slabs on a given section of the wall.

The linear dimensions of the jumper are also important. Its width is determined by the thickness of the wall, its height by the required load-bearing capacity. The length of the lintel corresponds to the width of the opening plus twice the depth: from 10 cm for brick walls and up to 30 cm for loose porous blocks.

In most cases, to determine a suitable lintel, it is enough to make a selection from tables with standard prefabricated concrete products (series 1.038 for standard and 1.225 for very wide openings). The required product is determined by the width of the opening, taking into account the depth of the filling. If the required lintel is thinner than the wall, you need to install several of these, or at least two of them.

Of course, no one insists on purchasing finished products. You are free to cast reinforced concrete lintels yourself, as well as replace them with wooden or steel ones at your discretion, having first performed a calculation of the lintel for deflection.

Strengthening openings with reinforcing mesh

POROTHERM block (Porotherm) is a large format porous ceramic stone. POROTHERM blocks are used for both external load-bearing walls and internal walls - interior partitions

You have decided to get a brand new garage on your property. Perfect solution! But before you buy materials, think for a minute. And it’s not at all about what materials to buy. Formulate for yourself the answer to the question “why?” In order to park the car?

The phrase clinker tiles has long been heard by everyone who has thought about a good renovation in an apartment or about building a country house. But does everyone know how it differs from non-clinker and, in general, what other types there are?

Now it has become fashionable to use brick-like panels with insulation for the exterior decoration of a house. In fact, this is not just fashion, it is a thoughtful solution for those who value beauty and do not like to overpay. What are the features of this solution? “Baltic Ceramic Company” will tell you.

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Probably, if you have already been interested in bricks, the phrase “strength grade” is familiar to you. Today we will tell you what it is, where it is important to take it into account, and most importantly, what the strength of bricks and tiles should be.

Installation of lintels in stone buildings

The easiest way to decorate the upper part of the opening is to avoid using a lintel, increasing the height of the window right up to the reinforced belt. This is not always possible, because the length of the span imposes its own limitations, especially for load-bearing walls, and besides, it is impossible to bring doors right up to the ceiling. And yet you should know that between the opening and the reinforced crown there must be at least two rows of large-format blocks, or 5-7 rows of bricks, or there should be nothing.

It is easiest to arrange the upper part of the opening in walls on which the ceilings do not rest. If the height of the masonry above the opening does not meet the requirements for self-support, the upper rows are reinforced with reinforcement. Between each brick of the row covering the opening, “clips” are laid - clamps made of 4 mm wire, which protrude above the row of masonry, forming a kind of ears. Under them, longitudinal reinforcement is inserted and tied, one 10 mm rod for every 10 cm of wall thickness, extending 15–20 cm onto the pillars on the sides of the opening.

Strengthening an opening in load-bearing walls made of solid blocks of lightweight concrete is even easier. The masonry above the opening is carried out using a temporary support from below. After this, a groove up to 20 cm deep and 25–30 mm thick is cut in the center of the blocks above the opening. Flat reinforcement is inserted inside - a mesh of 12 mm reinforcement, and then the groove is filled with sand concrete. If it is clear that such strengthening does not meet the strength requirements, use U-shaped trays made of porous concrete in the manner of permanent formwork.

Reinforced concrete lintels are very significant cold bridges. Their use is required only in exceptional cases, when a very wide opening is planned in the load-bearing wall. Such lintels are cast flush with the wall, tamping the panel formwork from the inside, outside and below. The lintels are reinforced in two rows, one 12 mm rod for every 60–80 mm of wall thickness. Depending on the length of the span, another 2–3 reinforcement bars can be added to the bottom row of reinforcement. To prevent heat migration, a pair of EPS slabs with a total thickness of 50–70 mm are installed in the center of the formwork, while the reinforcement is distributed to form protective layers of 40 mm.

When installing jumpers of any type, it is important to be able to properly prepare the “shoulders” on which they rest. As a rule, wood, solid brick or grade 300 cement mortar are used for this.

An example of a simplified calculation of a metal jumper.

For a person familiar with strength materials , there is nothing complicated in such a calculation, but other concepts: bending moment, distributed load, design resistance or moment of resistance can be annoying. There is nothing wrong with this, just imagine that you are reading the annotation for a new medicine. Just like medicine, building physics has its own terms and concepts. To prevent the formulas from remaining abstract, the cross-section of a metal lintel for a brick partition was calculated, and the results are highlighted in brown.

The calculation consists of several stages. First, the load acting on the jumper is determined. Knowing the load, you can determine the maximum bending moment acting on the cross-section of the lintel, and knowing the maximum bending moment, you can select the cross-section of the lintel.

1. Determination of loads per 1 linear meter of lintel:

1.1 From the weight of the masonry:

q1 = p x b x h,

where p in kg/m3 is the density of the material from which the partition is laid, including masonry mortar and plaster. The density of cement mortar on ordinary quartz sand is up to 2200, which theoretically needs to be taken into account when working with hollow bricks, gypsum blocks and lightweight concrete blocks, but in order not to bother with determining the proportion of mortar in the masonry, you can simply multiply the density of the material by 1.1 or take the maximum from the following.

For reference:

• Density of solid brick 1600 - 1900
• Density of hollow bricks 1000 - 1450
• Density of blocks made of foam concrete, aerated concrete, cellular concrete 300-1600
• Density of gypsum blocks 900 -1200

For example:

• if the wall or partition above the lintel is made of hollow brick, then the value p = 1500
• For gypsum blocks p =1200
• For lightweight concrete blocks - depending on the density of the concrete. To determine this very density, you need to weigh 1 block (or try to approximately determine the weight of the block by simply lifting it), and then divide the weight by the height, width and thickness of the block. For example, if a block weighs 20 kg and has dimensions of 0.3x0.6x0.1 m, then the density of the block will be 20/ (0.3x0.6x0.1) = 1111 kg/m3. In the same way, you can determine the density of the brick.
• In all other cases (especially if you do not know the density of the material and cannot determine its density) p = 1900

b - the thickness of the wall or partition in meters, for example, for a half-brick brick partition it should be taken = 0.15 m to take into account the layer of plaster.

h - the height of the masonry above the lintel, for a brick wall or partition, taking into account the bricks that will be laid on the corner if the lintel is made of corners.

For an opening 1.0 m wide for a brick partition half a brick thick, load q1 = 1900 x 0.15 x 0.5 x 1 = 142.5 kg/m

Note: Here the loads are given specifically for partitions; when calculating lintels for load-bearing walls, you must also take into account the load from slabs or floor beams. This calculation is a little more complex and is therefore presented separately.

1.2. From the own weight of the metal jumper:

q2 = n x P,

where n is the number of corners, channels or other profiles,

P is the own weight of 1 linear meter of an angle or channel, determined by the assortment, there is a small catch here, because how can you know the weight of a rolled profile if its cross-section is only determined, but as a rule for metal lintels the weight of the lintel does not exceed 1-2% of the weight walls or partitions above the lintel, and therefore this weight can be taken into account by a correction factor of 1.1, taking into account all unaccounted for moments. If you doubt something, you can take the coefficient value equal to 1.2 or even 1.5

So the linear design load on the jumper is:

q = 1.1 x P

For an opening 1.0 m wide for a brick partition half a brick thick, the total design load is q = 1.1 x 142.5 = 157 kg/m

2. Selection of section.

2.1. The maximum bending moment for a beam lying on two supports, and in our case a lintel, will be in the middle of the beam:

Mmax = (q x l2) / 8

Note: if the ends of the profiles rest on the piers by more than l / 3, then the beam can be considered not as lying on two supports, but as pinched on both sides, in this case the maximum bending moment will be on the supports: Mmax = (q x l2 ) / 12

For an opening 1.0 m wide for a brick partition half a brick thick Mmax = (157 x 12)/ 8 = 19.6 kg.m

2.2 Required moment of resistance:

Wreq = Mmax / Ry

where Ry is the design resistance of the steel. Ry = 2100 kgf/cm2 (210 MPa)

Note: In general, the calculated resistance depends on the strength class of the steel and can reach a value of 4400, but it is better to take 2100 as the most common.

For an opening 1.0 m wide for a brick partition half a brick thick Wreq = (19.6 x 100)/ 2100 = 0.933 cm3

2.3. The resulting value must be divided by the number of corners, channels or other profiles that will be used to construct the jumper. For structural reasons, it is better to use several profiles, for brick partitions at least 2.

For an opening 1.0 m wide for a brick partition half a brick thick when using two profiles Wreq = 0.933/ 2 = 0.47 cm3

2.4. Well, now everything is simple, look at the assortment , first select the profile type, and then make sure that the value is greater than that obtained in the calculation.

Strengthening openings in frame buildings

For a frame building, the presence of lintels in the upper part of the openings is strictly necessary. The requirements described below are valid for frames made of both metal and wood.

If the width of the opening does not exceed two steps for installing the frame racks, the nearest side rack elements are connected by two horizontal crossbars, and then two vertical spacers are added between them, setting the required width of the opening.

If the opening width is equal to three or more distances between the frame posts, it is decorated with crossbars in the same way. For additional support of short racks above the opening, they are unloaded onto adjacent ones using diagonal braces running from the center outward. In all cases, the cross-section of the crossbars should not be less than the size of the rack elements of the frame.

If the opening exceeds the width of five times the distance between the posts, the verticals closest to it should be double. The internal pair is connected to each other by a horizontal jumper, and the external one is the same, but higher by half the height of the opening. The space between two horizontal crossbars is filled with a diagonal stiffening mesh based on the principle of floor trusses.